Caring bodies: Women's invisible labor and Gendered Caregiving in Turkish Disability context

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12795/anduli.2025.i28.07

Palabras clave:

Trabajo de Cuidados, cuidado de discapacitados, cuidados corporales, política de cuidados, cuidados a domicilio

Resumen

Disability care provides essential support to individuals unable to manage daily life independently. Women caring for children with disabilities often perform informal caregiving alongside domestic duties, which makes their work more labor-intensive and reinforces gendered labor divisions. In Turkey, caregiving is largely seen as women’s responsibility, shaped by traditional norms and policies. This study explores the experiences of 18 female caregivers in Bandırma, Balıkesir province, from a gender and citizenship perspective. It establishes that caregiving, without institutional support, exacerbates women’s economic hardship, social isolation, and physical exhaustion, while also limiting access to citizenship rights. While financial assistance, such as the home carer’s allowance, offers relief, it reinforces traditional roles and limits caregivers’ personal and professional opportunities. Framing care labor within broader debates on gender and citizenship, this study emphasizes the urgency of a rights-based approach that includes social security, accessible services, and legal protections to reduce caregivers’ burdens, foster inclusion, and ensure the well-being of caregivers and care recipients.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Métricas

Cargando métricas ...

Biografía del autor/a

Fulya Doğruel, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University

La Dra. Fulya DOĞRUEL es Profesora Adjunta del Departamento de Sociología de la Universidad Bandırma Onyedi Eylül, especializada en estudios de género, sociología del cuerpo, relaciones interculturales y antropología social y cultural. Es doctora en antropología social y cultural por la Universidad de Lovaina (Bélgica). Además, tiene un máster en Sociología por la Universidad Técnica de Oriente Medio (METU), Turquía, y una licenciatura en Filosofía por la METU. Sus intereses de investigación incluyen las relaciones interculturales, las fronteras y los límites, el género, la política del cuerpo, la formación de la identidad y la sociología del cuerpo. Su trabajo explora cuestiones como las experiencias de género de las mujeres, la discapacidad, los cuidados, el matrimonio precoz, la masculinidad, el multiculturalismo, la migración y el panorama sociopolítico de Oriente Medio. Ha publicado numerosos trabajos sobre temas relacionados con la política del cuerpo, el género y la identidad en diversos contextos culturales.

Citas

Altuntaş, B. & Atasü-Topcuoğlu, R. (2016). Care work, social care, and women's employment in the field of disability care (Engelli bakımı alanında bakım emeği, sosyal bakım ve kadın istihdamı). World Bank Working Paper No. 110376. World Bank Group.

Alghamdi, A. A., Assiri, M. I., Fallatah, R. A., Albeladi, F. M., Alabdulaziz, H. & Alsaggaf, F. (2025). Health-promoting activities among Saudi Arabian parents of children with disabilities: A cross-sectional study. Belitung Nursing Journal, 11(1), 75–82. DOI: 10.33546/bnj.3624

Backhouse, T., Ruston, A., Killett, A., Ward, R., Rose-Hunt, J. & Mioshi, E. (2022). Risks and risk mitigation in homecare for people with dementia—A two-sided matter: A systematic review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 36, 2037–2056. DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13865

Baysan, C. & Mandıracıoğlu, A. (2021). The burden of care on caregiver family members of elders and related factors in Izmir. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 12(2), 133–139. DOI: 10.18663/tjcl.811470

Bezmez, D. & Porter, T. (2022). Disabled women’s care experiences in Turkey: Intimacy, dependency, independent living. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 24(1), 54–67. DOI: 10.16993/sjdr.852

Bistaraki, A., Stefanopoulos, N., Kiekkas, P., Stamatopoulou, D. & Igoumenidis, M. (2025). Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 81, 89–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.12.007

Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. E. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory of research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York, NY: Greenwood Press.

Brunner, E. & Marmot, M. (2005). Social organization, stress, and health. In M. Marmot & R. G. Wilkinson (Eds.), Social determinants of health (pp. 6-30). OUP Oxford.

Buğra, A. & Keyder, Ç. (2006). The Turkish welfare regime in transformation. Journal of European Social Policy, 16(3), 211-228. DOI: 10.1177/0958928706065233

Chatzidakis, A., Hakim, J., Litter, J., & Rottenberg, C. (2020). The care manifesto: The politics of interdependence. Verso Books.

Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Yu, H., Li, Q. & Zhou, Y. (2025). Journal of Affective Disorders, 375, 486–495. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.129

Cheshire-Allen, M. & Calder, G. (2022). ‘No one was clapping for us’: Care, social justice, and family carer wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales. International Journal of Care and Caring, 6(1–2), 49–66. DOI: 10.1332/239788221X16316408646247

Clough, B. (2021). Disability and care: Theoretical antagonisms revisited. In B. Clough (Ed.), Disability, Care and Family Law (pp. 13-30). Routledge.

Coffey, C., Espinoza Revollo, P., Harvey, R., Lawson, M., Parvez Butt, A., Piaget, K., Sarosi, D. & Thekkudan, J. (2020). Time to care: Unpaid and underpaid care work and the global inequality crisis. Oxfam International. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/handle/10546/620928

Çakır, S. (2014). Kadınların eşit yurttaşlık ideali neden gerçekleşmiyor? [Why does the ideal of equal citizenship for women not materialize?]. In A. Durakbaşa, N. A. Şirin Öner, & F. Karapehlivan Şenel (Eds.), Yurttaşlığı yeniden düşünmek: Sosyoloji, hukuk ve siyasal tartışmalar [Rethinking citizenship: Sociology, law, and political debates] (pp. 233-241). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.

Duncan, K. A., Shooshtari, S., Roger, K., Fast, J., & Han, J. (2020). The cost of caring: Out-of‐pocket expenditures and financial hardship among Canadian carers. International Journal of Care and Caring, 4(2), 141–166. DOI: 10.1332/239788220X15845551975572

Ehrlich, U., Möhring, K. & Drobnič, S. (2020). What comes after caring? The impact of family care on women’s employment. Journal of Family Issues, 41(9), 1387–1419. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X19880934

Elayan, S., Angelini, V., Buskens, E. & de Boer, A. (2024). The economic costs of informal care: Estimates from a national cross-sectional survey in the Netherlands. The European Journal of Health Economics, 25, 1311–1331. DOI: 10.1007/s10198-023-01666-8

Fast, J., Duncan, K. A., Keating, N. C. & Kim, C. (2023). Valuing the contributions of family caregivers to the care economy. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 45, 236–249. DOI: 10.1007/s10834-023-09899-8

Funk, L. M. & Hounslow, W. J. (2021). How do daughters interpret care as a public issue? Exploring identity, emotion, and discourse in the narratives of activist-inclined carers of older parents. Community, Work & Family, 24(4), 455–470. DOI: 10.1080/13668803.2019.1681939

Funk, L. M., Klostermann, J., Symonds-Brown, H., Aubrecht, K., & Giguère, L. (2024). Producing the public caregiver: The discursive politicization of family caregiving by Canadian caregiver organizations. International Journal of Care and Caring, XX(XX), 1–18. DOI: 10.1332/23978821Y2024D000000079

Gérain, P. & Zech, E. (2019). Informal caregiver burnout? Development of a theoretical framework to understand the impact of caregiving. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1748. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01748

Hess, C., Ahmed, T. & Hayes, J. (2022). Providing unpaid household and care work in the United States: Uncovering inequality. IWPR #C487, Institute for Women’s Policy Research.

Humphries, R. (2022). Ending the social care crisis. Bristol University Press.

Isin, E. F. & Turner, B. S. (2002). Citizenship Studies: An introduction. In E. F. Isin, & B. S. Turner, (Eds.), Handbook of Citizenship Studies (pp. 1-11). London: Sage Publications.

Janoski, T. & Gran, B. (2002). Political citizenship: Foundations of rights. In E. F. Isin, & B. S. Turner, (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (pp. 13-52). London: Sage Publications.

Kalaycıoğlu, S., Rittersberger-Tılıç, H. & Çelik, K. (2016). The Different Actors and Dimensions of Unregistered Female Labor in the Care Sector [Bakım Sektöründe Kayıt-Dışı Kadın Emeği'nin Farklı Aktörleri ve Boyutları]. The World Bank.

Kara, T. & Alpgan, Ö. (2022). Nursing personality and features in children with autism spectrum disorder aged 0–2: An exploratory case-control study. An International Journal on Nutrition, Diet and Nervous System, 25(6). DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1843891

Knaifel, E. & Rubinstein, L. (2024). Intersectionality and caregiving: The exclusion experience and coping resources of immigrant women caring for a family member with severe mental illness. Qualitative Health Research, 0(0), 1–15. DOI: 10.1177/10497323241271996

Kołacka, A., Matthews-Kozancecka, M., Komisarek, O., Kwiatkowski, J., Domagalska, A., Samborski, W., Mojs, E., Andrusiewicz, M. & Malak, R. (2025). Understanding parental satisfaction in caring for children with cerebral palsy. Healthcare, 13, 1-10. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare13020110

Marshall, T. H. (1950). Citizenship and social class. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

McLaughlin, J., Goodley, D., Emma Clavering, E. & Fisher, P. (2008). Families Raising Disabled Children: Enabling Care and Social Justice. Palgrave.

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Nash, K. (2014). Yurttaşlıktan insan haklarına ve tekrar geriye. [From citizenship to human rights and back again]. In A. Durakbaşa, N. A. Şirin Öner, & F. Karapehlivan Şenel (Eds.), Yurttaşlığı yeniden düşünmek: Sosyoloji, hukuk ve siyasal tartışmalar [Rethinking citizenship: Sociology, law, and political debates] (pp. 24-37). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.

Neuman, W. L. (2020). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri: Nicel ve nitel yaklaşımlar [Social research methods, qualitative and quantitative appraaches], Cilt-1 (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.

Özateş Gelmez, Ö. S. (2015). The Prisoners of Family-Oriented Care: Experiences of Female Caregivers in the Home Care System [Ailevileştirilen bakımın kürek mahkûmları: Evde bakım uygulaması kapsamında bakım veren kadınların deneyimleri]. Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri, 7(2), 59-71. DOI: 10.1501/Fe0001_0000000143

Öztürk, M., & Küçük Alemdar, D. (2023). The care burden of mothers of children with disability: Association between family quality of life and fatigue. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 73, 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2023.10.010

Pearlin, L. I. & Aneshensel, C. S. (1994). Caregiving: The unexpected career. Social Justice Research, 7(4), 373-390.

Perry-Jenkins, M. & Gerstel, N. (2020). Work and family in the second decade of the 21st Century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82, 420–453. DOI: 10. 1111/ jomf. 12636

Phillips, S. D., Herasymova, T. & Pcholkina, U. (2023). Women with disabilities, and communities of care in wartime Ukraine: Conversations with disability and women's rights activists about feminist and disability solidarities. Women's Studies International Forum, 98, 102740-60). DOI:10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102740

Pinquart, M. & Sörensen, S. (2004). Gender differences in caregiver experiences: An updated meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 44(1), 33-45. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/61.1.p33

Sallan Gül, S. (2014). Türkiye’de yoksulların sosyal hakları alanında cinsiyetçi izler. [Sexist traces in the social rights of the poor in Turkey]. In A. Durakbaşa, N. A. Şirin Öner, & F. Karapehlivan Şenel (Eds.), Yurttaşlığı yeniden düşünmek: Sosyoloji, hukuk ve siyasal tartışmalar [Rethinking citizenship: Sociology, law, and political debates] (pp. 277-290). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.

Sörensen, S., Duberstein, P., Gill, D. & Pinquart, M. (2006). Dementia care: Mental health effects, intervention strategies, and clinical implications. The Lancet Neurology, 5(11), 961-973. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70530-8

Tuncay, S., & Sarman, A. (2024). The relationship of spiritual orientation and caregiver burden of caregiver mothers with a child with cerebral palsy in Turkey. Child: Care, Health and Development, 50(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13141

Twigg, J. (2004). The body gender and age: Feminist insights in social gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies, 18, 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2003.09.004

Wray, D., Keating, N. & Fast, J. (2023). Canada's care economy: A conceptual framework. Available online: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-652-x/89-652-x2023002-eng.pdf (Accessed on 01.07.2024).

Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E. & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist, 20, 649–655. DOI: 10.1093/geront/20.6.649

Zarit, S. H., Stephens, M. A., Townsend, A. & Greene, R. (1998). Stress reductions for family caregivers: Effects of adult day care use. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53, 267-277. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/53B.5.S267

Web resources

Ministry of Family (2023). YHGM Statistics Bulletin April 2023. Available online: https://aile.gov.tr/media/135432/eyhgm_istatistik_bulteni_nisan_23.pdf (Accessed on 01.07.2024).

Ministry of Family (2024). Regulation on the identification of disabled individuals in need of care and the determination of care service principles. Available online: https://www.aile.gov.tr/eyhgm/mevzuat/ulusal-mevzuat/yonetmelikler/bakima-muhtac-engellilerin-tespiti-ve-bakim-hizmeti-esaslarinin-belirlenmesine-iliskin-yonetmelik/( Accessed on 01.07.2024).

Caregivers Nova Scotia (2024). “Who we are”. Available online: https://caregiversns.org/who-we-are/ (Accessed on 01.07.2024).

Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey [T.C. Resmî Gazete] (1982). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası [The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey] No. 2709. Available online: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.2709.pdf (Acsessed on 01.07.2024).

Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey [T.C. Resmî Gazete]. (1982). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası [The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey], No. 2709. Available online: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.2709.pdf

Toksöz, G. (2014). Kentli kadın istihdamı gerçekten artıyor mu? [Is urban women's employment really increasing?] BİA Haber Merkezi, 03 Şubat. Available online: http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kadin/153221-kentli-kadin-istihdami-gercekten-artiyor-mu (Accessed on 01.07.2024).

TÜİK (2011). Özürlülerin Sorun ve Beklentileri Araştırması, 2010 [Survey on problems and expectations of disabled people, 2010]. Available online: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Ozurlulerin-Sorun-ve-Beklentileri-Arastirmasi-2010-6370 (Accessed on 01.07.2024).

TÜİK (2022). İstatistiklerde kadın [Statistics on women]. Available online: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Kadin-2022-49668 (Accessed on 01.07.2024).

Publicado

2025-06-05

Cómo citar

Doğruel, Fulya. 2025. «Caring Bodies: Women’s Invisible Labor and Gendered Caregiving in Turkish Disability Context». ANDULI, Revista Andaluza De Ciencias Sociales, n.º 28 (junio):177-95. https://doi.org/10.12795/anduli.2025.i28.07.

Número

Sección

Artículos
Visualizaciones
  • Resumen 30
  • PDF (English) 10
  • HTML (English) 2