Palabras clave
etiquetado
comunicación científica
compresión pública de la ciencia
intención de compra health claims
labelling
science communication
public understanding of science
purchase intention
Cómo citar
Aceptado 2020-09-10
Publicado 2021-01-21
- Resumen 403
- PDF 359
Resumen
Analizamos los enfoques comunicativos tras las declaraciones de salud en EEUU y Unión Europea, de acuerdo con estudios sobre comunicación social y comprensión pública de la ciencia. Por un lado, identificaremos las diferencias de ambas estrategias políticas al regular la presentación de información técnica en las etiquetas de alimentos con supuestos beneficios especiales para la salud. Por otro, atendiendo a los estudios empíricos sobre percepción e intención de compra, valoraremos en qué medida tales políticas alcanzan sus objetivos. Concluiremos que, aunque hay diferencias sustanciales, ambas regulaciones parecen fracasar debido a subyacentes concepciones clásicas sobre la comunicación y la enculturación científicas.
Citas
Atienza, J., y Luján, J.L. (1997). La imagen social de las nuevas tecnologías biológicas en España. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Bauer, M.W., Allum, N., y Miller, S. (2007). “What can we learn from 25 years of PUS survey research? Liberating and expanding the agenda”, Public Understanding of Science, nº 16, pp. 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662506071287
Beck, U. (1986). Risk Society. Londres: Sage.
Berhaupt-Glickstein, A., y Hallman, W.K. (2017). “Communicating scientific evidence in qualified health claims”, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, nº 57, p. 13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1069730
Biesalski, H. et al. (2011). “26th Hohenheim Consensus Conference, (September 11, 2010)—Scientific substantiation of health claims: Evidence-based nutrition” en Nutrition Vol.27, nº10, pp. S1–S20.
Bilman, E.M., E., Van Kleef, E., Mela, D.J., Hulshof, T., y VAN TRIJP, H.C.M. (2012). “Consumer understanding, interpretation and perceived levels of personal responsibility in relation to satiety-related claims”, Appetite, nº 59, pp. 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.07.010
Boobis, A., Chiodini, A., Hoekstra, J., Lagiou, P., Przyrembel, H., Schlatter, J., Schütte, K., Verhagen, H., y Watzl, B. (2013). “Critical appraisal of the assessment of benefits and risks for foods—BRAFO Consensus Working Group”, Food and Chemical Toxicology, nº 55, pp. 659–675.
Bucchi, M. (2008). “Of deficits, deviations and dialogues: theories of public communication of science”, en M. Bucchi y B. Trench, B. (eds.), Handbook of public communication of science and technology (pp. 57-76). New York: Routledge.
Bush, V. (1945). “Ciencia: la frontera sin fin. Un Informe al Presidente” (Oficina de Investigación y Desarrollo Científico, Gobierno de los EEUU), REDES. revista de estudios sociales de la ciencia, nº 14, 89-137.
Cámara Hurtado, M. (2009). “La comunicación del riesgo en las crisis alimentarias”, en C. Moreno (ed.), Comunicar los riesgos. Ciencia y tecnología en la sociedad de la información (pp. 85-114). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
Castells, M. (1997). La era de la información: economía, sociedad y cultura. Madrid: Alianza.
Covello, V. (1991). “Risk comparisons and risk communication: issues and problems in comparing Health and Environmental risks”, en R.E. Kasperson y P.J.M. Stallen (eds.), Communicating Risks to the Public: International Perspectives (pp. 79-124). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Durant, J., Bauer, M.W., Gaskell, G., Midden, C.J.H., Liakopoulos, M., y Scholten, L.M. (2000). “Two Cultures of Public Understanding of Science and Technology in Europe”, en M. Dierkes y C. Von Grote (eds.), Between Understanding and Trust. The Public, Science and Technology (pp. 131-156). Reading: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Edinger, W.H. (2016). “Promoting Educated Consumer Choices. Has EU Food Information Legislation Finally Matured?”, Journal of Consumer Policy, nº39, 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10603-015-9307-3
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (EFSA-NDA) (2011). “General guidance for stakeholders on the evaluation of Article 13.1, 13.5 and 14 health claims”, EFSA Journal, Vo. 9, nº4, p. 2135.
EFSA-NDA, Turck, D., et al. (2017). “Scientific and technical guidance for the preparation and presentation of an application for authorization of a Health Claim” (2 revision), en EFSA Journal, Vol.15, nº1, p. 4680.
European Parliament and Council (Regulation-EU-1169/2011). Reglamento (UE) No. 1169/2011 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 25 de octubre de 2011, sobre la información alimentaria facilitada al consumidor, OJ L 304 (22.11.2011), p. 18.
European Parliament and Council (Regulation-EU-1924/2006). Regulation No. 1924/of the European Parliament and of the Council on Nutrition and Health Claims Made on Foods, OJ L 404 (30.12.2006), p. 12.
Godin, B. y Gingras, Y. (2000). “What Is Scientific and Technological Culture and How Is It Measured? A Multidimensional Model”, Public Understanding of Science, nº 9, 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/9/1/303
González-Díaz, C., Gil-González, D., y Álvarez-Dardet, C. (2018). “Scientific Evidence on Functional Food and Its Commercial Communication: A Review of Legislation in Europe and the USA”, Journal of Food Science, Vol. 83, nº11, 2710-2717. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14359
Government Accountability Office, US (GAO) (2011). Food Labellig. FDA Needs to Reassess Its Approach to protecting Consumers from False or Misleading Claims.
Harris, J.L., Thompson, J.M., Schwartz, M.B., y Brownell, K.D. (2011). “Nutrition-related claims on children’s cereals: what do they mean to parents and do they influence willingness to buy?”, Public Health Nutrition, nº 1, 2207–2212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001741
Hart, E.P., y Robottom, I. (1990). “The Science-Technology-Society Movement in Science Education: A Critique of the Reform Process”, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 27, nº 6, 575-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660270607
Hieke, S. y Grunert, K.G. (2018). “Consumers and health claims”, en M.J. Sadler (ed.), Foods, Nutrients and Food Ingredients with Authorised EU Health Claims (pp. 19-32), Vol 3. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.
Hilgartner, S. (2009). “Las dimensiones sociales de la comunicación del riesgo” en C. Moreno (ed.) Comunicar los riesgos. Ciencia y tecnología en la sociedad de la información (pp. 159-170). Madrid: Bilioteca Nueva
Jasanoff, Sh. (2005). Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jukola, S. (2019). “On the evidentiary standards for nutrition advice”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, nº 73, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.05.007
Kapsak, W.R., Schmidt, D. Childs, N.M. Meunier, J., y White, C. (2008). “Consumer perceptions of graded, graphic and text label presentations for qualified health claims”, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, nº 48, 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701286058
Lähteenmäki, L. (2013). “Claiming health in food products”, Food Quality and Preference, nº27, 196–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.03.006
Lalor, F., y Wall, P.G. (2011). “Health claims regulations. Comparison between USA, Japan and European Union”, British Food Journal, Vol. 113, nº2, 298-313. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701111105358
Lewenstein, B.V. (1995). “Science and the Media”, en S. Jasanoff et al. (eds.), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (pp.346-360), London: Sage.
López Cerezo, J.A. (2018). La confianza en la sociedad del riesgo. Barcelona: Sello.
Luján, J.L. y Todt, O. (2020). “Standards of evidence and causality in regulatory science: Risk and benefit assessment”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, nº 80, 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.05.005
Nocella, G., y Kennedy, O. (2012). “Food health claims – What consumers understand”, Food Policy, nº 37, 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.001
Renn, O. (2008). Risk Governance: Coping with uncertainty in a Complex World. London: Erthscan.
Todt, O., y Luján, J.L. (1997). “Labelling of Novel Food, and Public Debate”, Science and Public Policy, Vol. 24, nº 5, 319-326. https://doi.org/10.1093/spp/24.5.319
Todt, O., y Luján, J.L. (2017). “Health Claims and Methodological Controversy in Nutrition Science”, Risk Analysis, Vol. 37, nº 5, 958-968. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12665
US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA-NLA-1990). Nutrition Labelling and Education Act. Public Law 101-553, 104 Stat. 2353 codified at 21 USC 343 (1993).
US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA-MA-1997). FDA Modernization Act. U.S. Public Law 105-115, 111 stat. 2296 codified at 21 USC. 301 (1997).
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2003). Consumer health information for better nutrition initiative: Task Force Final Report.
US FDA Office of Nutrition and Food Labelling (2009). Guidance for Industry: Evidence-Based Review System for the Scientific Evaluation of Health Claims.
Withey, S.B., y Davis, R.C. (1957). News Media Study. Ann Arbor, Mich., Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1999.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2020 Noemí Sanz Merino