HUMAN HEALTH AND VULNERABILITY IN THE ERA OF THE ANTHROPOCENE AND OF THE TRANSHUMANISM
Resumen
La época del Antropoceno conlleva desafíos sin precedentes e interesa la salud humana, afectando sobre todo los grupos social y economicamente vulnerables y requierendo soluciones adecuadas y equitativas a todos los niveles de gobernación. El presente estudio sugiere un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos y analiza las soluciones adoptadas en el contexto de la Unión Europea y del Consejo de Europa para garantizar un mejor y más justo acceso a la asistencia sanitaria, tomando además en considearación la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y del Tribunal Europeo de los Derechos Humanos. Por ende, se proponen unas soluciones basadas en los derechos humanos a la luz de las oportunidades que la biotecnología, la farmacogenética o farmacogenómica, la terapia génica y la medicina regenerativa ofrecen en una realidad en la que el transhumanismo como resultado de las más avanzadas aplicaciones científicas no parece más una posibilidad remota.
The era of the Anthropocene poses unprecedented challenges and affects human health, concerning above all socially and economically vulnerable groups. This study suggests a human rights-based approach and assesses the solutions adopted in the framework of the European Union and of the Council of Europe for ensuring a better and more equitable access to healthcare, by also taking into consideration the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and of the European Court of Human Rights. From this perspective, some human rights-based solutions are advanced in light of the opportunities offered by biotechnology, pharmacogenetics of pharmacogenomics, gene therapy and regenerative medicine in a reality where transhumanism, as a result of the application of the advanced scientific achievements, is no longer a remote possibility.
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Citas
ADMIN, “Para la Corte Interamericana, el embrión no es persona”, Centro de Bioética – Persona y Familia, 21 December 2012
ALIGHIERI, D., Divina Commedia, Canto I, 70-71
ANDORNO, R., “Can human germline alterations be ethically justified?”, Bioética Forum, n° 10 (2), 2017, Editorial
ANDORNO, R., La bioética y la dignidad de la persona, Madrid, Editorial Tecnos – Grupo Anaya, 2012
ANNAS, G., ANDREWS, L., ISASI, R., “Protecting the endangered human: toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations”, American Journal of Law and Medicine, n° 28 (2-3), 2002, pp. 151-178
ANNECCA, M. T., “Test Genetici e Diritti della Persona”, in CANESTRARI, S., FERRANDO, G., MAZZONI, C. M., RODOTÀ, S., ZATTI, P. (Eds.), Trattato di Biodiritto. Il Governo del Corpo, Milano, Giuffré Editore, 2011, pp. 389-422
ARIAS DÍAZ, J., “Medicina regenerativa”, Enciclopeida de Bioderecho y Bioética, available at https://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/214
ARJMAND, B., GOODARZI, P., MOHAMADI-JAHANI, F., FALAHZADEH, K., LARIJANI, B., “Personalized Regenerative Medicine”, Acta Med Iranica, n° 55(3), March 2017, pp. 144-149
ATIENZA, M., “El derecho sobre el propio cuerpo y sus consecuencias”, in CASADO, M., (ed.), De la solidaridad al mercado: el cuerpo humano y el comercio biotecnológico, Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2017
AWAYA, T., “Common ethical issues in regenerative medicine”, Journal International de Bioéthique, n° 16(1-2)69-75, 2005 March-June, pp. 192-193
BOSTROM, N., “In defence of posthuman dignity”, Bioethics, n° 19 (3), 2005, pp. 202-214
BROWN, H., “World’s first genetically modified human embryo raises ethical concerns”, The Conversation, 27 April 2015, available at https://theconversation.com/worlds-first-genetically-modified-human-embryo-raises-ethical-concerns-40766
CASTRO, R., “Mitochondrial replacement therapy: the UK and US regulatory landscapes”, Journal of Law Bioscience, n° 3(3), December 2016, pp. 726–735
CHIA, E. A., CONTRERAS, P., “Análisis de la Sentencia Artavia Murillo y Otros (“Fecundación In Vitro”) vs. Costa Rica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos”, Estudios Constitucionales, vol. 12, n° 1, (2014), pp. 567-585. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales de Chile. Santiago, Chile
CYRANOSKI, D., “Chinese scientists fix genetic disorder in cloned human embryos. A method for precisely editing genes in human embryos hints at a cure for a blood disease”, Nature, 2 October 2017, available at https://www.nature.com/news/chinese-scientists-fix-genetic-disorder-in-cloned-human-embryos-1.22694
CYRANOSKI, D., REARDON, S., “Chinese scientists genetically modify human embryos. Rumours of germline modification prove true — and look set to reignite an ethical debate”, Nature, 22 April 2005, available at https://www.nature.com/news/chinese-scientists-genetically-modify-human-embryos-1.17378
DAGNA BRICARELLI, F., “I Test Genetici”, in CANESTRARI, S., FERRANDO, G., MAZZONI, C. M., RODOTÀ, S., ZATTI, P. (Eds.), Trattato di Biodiritto. Il Governo del Corpo, Milano, Giuffré Editore, 2011, pp. 371-387
DANIELS, N., Just Health Care, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995
DANIELS, N., “Resource Allocation and Priority Setting”, in BARRETT, D.H., ORTMANN, L.H., DAWSON, A., SAENZ, C., REIS, A., BOLAN, G. (Eds.), Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe, Berlin, Springer International Publishing, 2016
DAVID, R. M., “Viral vectors the road to reducing genotoxicity”, Toxicological Sciences, n° 155 (2,1), 2017, pp. 315-325
DAVIES, G., “The effect of Mrs Watts trip to France on the National Health Service”, King’s Law Journal, n° 158, 2007
DEL BARRIO SEOANE, J., “Medicina individualizada”, Enciclopedia de Bioderecho y Bioética, available at https://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/212
DI SALVO, D., “The Era Of Genetically-Altered Humans Could Begin This Year”, Forbes, 26 January 2014, available at https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/era-genetically-altered-humans-could-begin-year
DI STEFANO, A., “Bio-ethics under Human Rights Scrutiny: Toward a Right to Pre-implantation Genetic Testing under the ECHR?”, Strasbourg Observers, 20 September 2012, available at https://strasbourgobservers.com/category/cases/costa-and-pavan-v-italy/
DI STEFANO, A., “Tutela del corpo femminile e diritti riproduttivi: biopotere e biodiritto nella vicenda italiana in tema di diagnosi preimpianto”, Osservatorio di Diritti Umani, La Comunità Internazionale, Fascicolo n° 4, (2013), pp. 745-772
DONDERS, Y., “The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress: in search of state obligations in relation to health”, Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, n° 14 (4), November 2011, pp. 371–381
ELHERS, E., KRAFFT, T., Earth System Science in the Anthropocene, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 2006
FARALLI, C., ZULLO, S., “Terapia genica e diritti della persona”, in CANESTRARI, S., FERRANDO, G., MAZZONI, C. M., RODOTÀ, S., ZATTI, P. (Eds.), Trattato di Biodiritto. Il Governo del Corpo, Milano, Giuffré Editore, 2011, pp. 511-529, 526 ff
FAVÉ, M. J., LAMAZE, F. C., SOAVE, D., HODGKINSON, A., GAUVIN, H., BRUAT, V., GRENIER, J. C., GBEHA, E., SKEAD, K., SMARGIASSI, A., JOHNSON, M., IDAGHDOUR, Y., AWADALLA, P., “Gene-by-environment interactions in urban populations modulate risk phenotypes”, Nature Communications, n° 9, 2018, pp. 827-838
FERRARI, S., ROMEO, G., “La terapia genica”, in CANESTRARI, S., FERRANDO, G., MAZZONI, C. M., RODOTÀ, S., ZATTI, P. (Eds.), Trattato di Biodiritto. Il Governo del Corpo, Milano Giuffré Editore, 2011, pp. 497-510, 507 ff.
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D. I., Crisis económica, vulnerabilidad multidimensional y cambio climático: la “tormenta perfecta” para el derecho a la salud en europa, Bioderecho.es, Estudios de Vulnerabilidad, n. 5, 2017
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D. I., “Derecho de la Unión, Investigación embrionaria humana y patentes biológicas”, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, Madrid, n° 41, enero/abril, 2012
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D.I., International Bio Law. An International Overview of Developments in Human Embryo Research and Experimentation, Murcia, Ediciones Laborum, 2010
GARROD, A. E., “The incidence of alkaptonuria: a study in chemical individuality”, Lancet, vol. II, 1902, pp. 1616-1620
GINSBURG, G. S., WILLARD, H. F., Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Sidney, Tokyo, Elsevier, Vol. 1 and 2, 2012
GOMES DE ANDRADE, N. N., “Human Genetic Manipulation and the Right to Identity: the Contradictions of Human Rights Law in Regulating the Human Genome”, SCRIPTed, n° 7 (3), December 2010, pp. 429-452
HABERMAS, J., Il futuro della natura umana. I rischi di una genetica liberale, Torino, Einaudi, 2002
HAINES, A., “Addressing challenges to human health in the Anthropocene epoch—an overview of the findings of the Rockefeller/Lancet Commission on Planetary Health”, Public Health Reviews, n° 37 (14), 2016, pp. 1-5
HARRIS, J., Enhancing evolution. The ethical case for making people better, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2007
HEY, E., “International Law and the Anthropocene”, ESIL Reflections, n° 5 (10), 2016
HUMPHREYS, S., “Editorial”, Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, n° 7 (1), March 2016, pp. 1–6
HUXLEY, A., Brave New World, London, Chatto & Windus, 1932
HUXLEY, J., “Transhumanism”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, n° 8 (1), 1968, pp. 73-76
JAIN, K.K., Textbook of Personalized Medicine, New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, Humana Press, 2015
JONAS, H., The Imperative of Reponsibility - In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age, Chicago, London, The University of Chicago Press, 1984
KIAPI, S., “Interpreting the right to health under the African Charter”, in East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights, n° 11(1), 2005, pp. 1-20
KOTZÉ, L. J., “Rethinking Global Environmental Law and Governance in the Anthropocene”, Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, n° 32 (2), 2014
KUPPUSWAMY, C., MACER, D., SERBULEA, M., TOBIN, B., United Nations University – Institute of Advanced Studies, Biodiplomacy Programme, “Is Human Reproductive Cloning Inevitable: Future Options for UN Governance”, 2007
LANGEVELD, H., RÖLING N.G., Changing European Farming Systems for a Better Future: New Visions for Rural Areas, Wageningen, Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006
LÓPEZ-LÓPEZ, M., GUERRERO-CAMACHO, J. L., FAMILIAR-LÓPEZ, I. M., JUNG-COOK, H., CORONA-VÁZQUEZ, T., ALONSO-VILATELA, M. E., “Pharmacogenomics: the quest for individualized therapy”, Revista de Neurologia, n° 39 (11), 2004, pp. 1063-1071
MACKLIN, R., “Dignity is a useless concept”, British Medical Journal, n° 327, 2003
MALPAS, P. J., “Is genetic information relevantly different from other kinds of non-genetic information in the life insurance context?”, Journal of Medical Ethics, n° 34, 2008, pp. 548-551
MANCISIDOR, M., “Is There Such a Thing as a Human Right to Science in International Law? “, ESIL Reflections, n° 4(1), (7 April 2015), available at http://www.esil-sedi.eu/node/896
MANCISIDOR, M., “Historia del Derecho Humano a la Ciencia”, in Die Subversive Kraft der Menchenrechte, HUHLE, N., HUHLE, T., (eds.), Oldenburg, Paulo Freire Verlag, 2015
MORRIS, T., Hans Jonas's Ethic of Responsibility: From Ontology to Ecology, Albany, State University of New York Press, 2013
MURPHY, S. V., ATALA, A., “3D bioprinting of tissues and organs”, Nature Biotechnologies, n° 32 (8), August 2014, pp. 773-785
NAYAK, S., “Progress and prospects: immune responses to viral vectors”, Gene Therapy, n° 17 (3), 2010, pp. 295-304
NEBERT D. W., "Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: why is this relevant to the clinical geneticist?”, Clinal Genetics, n° 56 (4),1999, pp. 247-258
OKAFOR, O. C., “A regional perspective: article 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, in Realizing the Right to Development”, Essays in Commemoration of 25 Years of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, United Nations, 31 December 2013, pp. 373-384
ORCUT, M., “The Unintended Consequence of Congress’s Ban on Designer Babies. The testing of new therapies to prevent a debilitating mitochondrial genetic disease in babies has hit a dead end”, MIT Technology Review, 26 August 2016
POLLACK, A., “Cloning Is Used to Create Embryonic Stem Cells”, The New York Times, 15 May 2013, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/science/scientists-use-cloning-to-create-embryonic-stem-cells.html
QUAGLIO, G. L., KARAPIPERIS, T., VAN WOENSEL, L., ARNOLD, E., MCDAID, D., “Austerity and health in Europe”, Health Policy, n° 113 (1–2), November 2013, Pages 13-19
RAPISARDA, I., Il corpo umano come oggetto di diritto nell’era biotecnologica, PhD Thesis, Doctoral School of “Diritto Europeo dei Contratti Civili, Commerciali e del Lavoro”, Ciclo XXVIII, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
RODOTÀ, S., Il diritto di avere diritti, Bari, Editori Laterza, 2012
RUCKERT, A., LABONTÉ, R., “The global financial crisis and health equity: Early experiences from Canada”, Global Health, n° 10 (2), 2014
RUÍZ-CANELA LÓPEZ, M., “Farmacogenética y farmacogenómica”, Enciclopedia de Bioderecho y Bioética, available at https://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/155
SAUTER, W., “Harmonisation in healthcare: the EU patients’ rights Directive”, Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit, Hune 2011
SCHEIL-ADLUNG, X., KUHL, C., “Addressing inequities in access to health care for vulnerable groups in countries of Europe and Central Asia”, Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All, Social Security Department - International Labour Office, International Labour Organization, 2011
SCOTT, K. N., “International Law in the Anthropocene: Responding to the Geoengineering Challenge”, Michigan Journal of International Law, n° 34 (2), 2013
SCOTT, R., WILKINSON, S., “Germline Genetic Modification and Identity: the Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, n° 37 (4), 2017, pp. 886–915
STUCKLER, D., REEVES, A., LOOPSTRA, R., KARANIKOLOS, M., MCKEE, M., “Austerity and health: the impact in the UK and Europe”, European Journal of Public Health, n° 27, Supplement 4, 2017, pp. 18–21
UNAL, M., OZER UNAL, D., “Gene doping in sports”, Sports Medicine, n° 34 (6), 2004, pp. 357-362
VERDUGO GUZMÁN, S. I., “El dopaje genético y la manipulación de genes en el deporte”, IUS ET SCIENTIA, n° 3 (1), 2017, pp. 227-234
WATERS, C.N., SUMMERHAYES, C. P., WOLFE, A. P., BARNOSKY, A. D., “The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations”, Anthropocene, n° 19, 2017, pp. 55–60
WILLIAMS, D., THOMAS, S., “The impact of austerity on the health workforce and the achievement of human resources for health policies in Ireland (2008–2014)”, Human Resources for Health, n° 15 (62), 2017
ZALASIEWICZA, J., WATERS, C. N., SUMMERHAYES, C. P., WOLFE, A. P., BARNOSKY, A. D., CEARRETA, A., CRUTZEN, P., ELLIS, E., FAIRCHILD, I. J., GAŁUSZKA, A., HAFF, P., HAJDAS, I., HEAD, M. J., IVAR DO SUL, J. A., JEANDEL, C., LEINFELDER, R., MCNEILL, J.R., NEAL, C., ODADA, E., ORESKES, N., STEFFEN, W., SYVITSKI, J., VIDAS, D., WAGREICH, M., WILLIAMS, M., “The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations”, Anthropocene, n° 19, 2017, pp. 55–60
ALIGHIERI, D., Divina Commedia, Canto I, 70-71
ANDORNO, R., “Can human germline alterations be ethically justified?”, Bioética Forum, n° 10 (2), 2017, Editorial
ANDORNO, R., La bioética y la dignidad de la persona, Madrid, Editorial Tecnos – Grupo Anaya, 2012
ANNAS, G., ANDREWS, L., ISASI, R., “Protecting the endangered human: toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations”, American Journal of Law and Medicine, n° 28 (2-3), 2002, pp. 151-178
ANNECCA, M. T., “Test Genetici e Diritti della Persona”, in CANESTRARI, S., FERRANDO, G., MAZZONI, C. M., RODOTÀ, S., ZATTI, P. (Eds.), Trattato di Biodiritto. Il Governo del Corpo, Milano, Giuffré Editore, 2011, pp. 389-422
ARIAS DÍAZ, J., “Medicina regenerativa”, Enciclopeida de Bioderecho y Bioética, available at https://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/214
ARJMAND, B., GOODARZI, P., MOHAMADI-JAHANI, F., FALAHZADEH, K., LARIJANI, B., “Personalized Regenerative Medicine”, Acta Med Iranica, n° 55(3), March 2017, pp. 144-149
ATIENZA, M., “El derecho sobre el propio cuerpo y sus consecuencias”, in CASADO, M., (ed.), De la solidaridad al mercado: el cuerpo humano y el comercio biotecnológico, Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2017
AWAYA, T., “Common ethical issues in regenerative medicine”, Journal International de Bioéthique, n° 16(1-2)69-75, 2005 March-June, pp. 192-193
BOSTROM, N., “In defence of posthuman dignity”, Bioethics, n° 19 (3), 2005, pp. 202-214
BROWN, H., “World’s first genetically modified human embryo raises ethical concerns”, The Conversation, 27 April 2015, available at https://theconversation.com/worlds-first-genetically-modified-human-embryo-raises-ethical-concerns-40766
CASTRO, R., “Mitochondrial replacement therapy: the UK and US regulatory landscapes”, Journal of Law Bioscience, n° 3(3), December 2016, pp. 726–735
CHIA, E. A., CONTRERAS, P., “Análisis de la Sentencia Artavia Murillo y Otros (“Fecundación In Vitro”) vs. Costa Rica de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos”, Estudios Constitucionales, vol. 12, n° 1, (2014), pp. 567-585. Centro de Estudios Constitucionales de Chile. Santiago, Chile
CYRANOSKI, D., “Chinese scientists fix genetic disorder in cloned human embryos. A method for precisely editing genes in human embryos hints at a cure for a blood disease”, Nature, 2 October 2017, available at https://www.nature.com/news/chinese-scientists-fix-genetic-disorder-in-cloned-human-embryos-1.22694
CYRANOSKI, D., REARDON, S., “Chinese scientists genetically modify human embryos. Rumours of germline modification prove true — and look set to reignite an ethical debate”, Nature, 22 April 2005, available at https://www.nature.com/news/chinese-scientists-genetically-modify-human-embryos-1.17378
DAGNA BRICARELLI, F., “I Test Genetici”, in CANESTRARI, S., FERRANDO, G., MAZZONI, C. M., RODOTÀ, S., ZATTI, P. (Eds.), Trattato di Biodiritto. Il Governo del Corpo, Milano, Giuffré Editore, 2011, pp. 371-387
DANIELS, N., Just Health Care, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995
DANIELS, N., “Resource Allocation and Priority Setting”, in BARRETT, D.H., ORTMANN, L.H., DAWSON, A., SAENZ, C., REIS, A., BOLAN, G. (Eds.), Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe, Berlin, Springer International Publishing, 2016
DAVID, R. M., “Viral vectors the road to reducing genotoxicity”, Toxicological Sciences, n° 155 (2,1), 2017, pp. 315-325
DAVIES, G., “The effect of Mrs Watts trip to France on the National Health Service”, King’s Law Journal, n° 158, 2007
DEL BARRIO SEOANE, J., “Medicina individualizada”, Enciclopedia de Bioderecho y Bioética, available at https://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/212
DI SALVO, D., “The Era Of Genetically-Altered Humans Could Begin This Year”, Forbes, 26 January 2014, available at https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/era-genetically-altered-humans-could-begin-year
DI STEFANO, A., “Bio-ethics under Human Rights Scrutiny: Toward a Right to Pre-implantation Genetic Testing under the ECHR?”, Strasbourg Observers, 20 September 2012, available at https://strasbourgobservers.com/category/cases/costa-and-pavan-v-italy/
DI STEFANO, A., “Tutela del corpo femminile e diritti riproduttivi: biopotere e biodiritto nella vicenda italiana in tema di diagnosi preimpianto”, Osservatorio di Diritti Umani, La Comunità Internazionale, Fascicolo n° 4, (2013), pp. 745-772
DONDERS, Y., “The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress: in search of state obligations in relation to health”, Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, n° 14 (4), November 2011, pp. 371–381
ELHERS, E., KRAFFT, T., Earth System Science in the Anthropocene, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 2006
FARALLI, C., ZULLO, S., “Terapia genica e diritti della persona”, in CANESTRARI, S., FERRANDO, G., MAZZONI, C. M., RODOTÀ, S., ZATTI, P. (Eds.), Trattato di Biodiritto. Il Governo del Corpo, Milano, Giuffré Editore, 2011, pp. 511-529, 526 ff
FAVÉ, M. J., LAMAZE, F. C., SOAVE, D., HODGKINSON, A., GAUVIN, H., BRUAT, V., GRENIER, J. C., GBEHA, E., SKEAD, K., SMARGIASSI, A., JOHNSON, M., IDAGHDOUR, Y., AWADALLA, P., “Gene-by-environment interactions in urban populations modulate risk phenotypes”, Nature Communications, n° 9, 2018, pp. 827-838
FERRARI, S., ROMEO, G., “La terapia genica”, in CANESTRARI, S., FERRANDO, G., MAZZONI, C. M., RODOTÀ, S., ZATTI, P. (Eds.), Trattato di Biodiritto. Il Governo del Corpo, Milano Giuffré Editore, 2011, pp. 497-510, 507 ff.
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D. I., Crisis económica, vulnerabilidad multidimensional y cambio climático: la “tormenta perfecta” para el derecho a la salud en europa, Bioderecho.es, Estudios de Vulnerabilidad, n. 5, 2017
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D. I., “Derecho de la Unión, Investigación embrionaria humana y patentes biológicas”, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, Madrid, n° 41, enero/abril, 2012
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D.I., International Bio Law. An International Overview of Developments in Human Embryo Research and Experimentation, Murcia, Ediciones Laborum, 2010
GARROD, A. E., “The incidence of alkaptonuria: a study in chemical individuality”, Lancet, vol. II, 1902, pp. 1616-1620
GINSBURG, G. S., WILLARD, H. F., Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Sidney, Tokyo, Elsevier, Vol. 1 and 2, 2012
GOMES DE ANDRADE, N. N., “Human Genetic Manipulation and the Right to Identity: the Contradictions of Human Rights Law in Regulating the Human Genome”, SCRIPTed, n° 7 (3), December 2010, pp. 429-452
HABERMAS, J., Il futuro della natura umana. I rischi di una genetica liberale, Torino, Einaudi, 2002
HAINES, A., “Addressing challenges to human health in the Anthropocene epoch—an overview of the findings of the Rockefeller/Lancet Commission on Planetary Health”, Public Health Reviews, n° 37 (14), 2016, pp. 1-5
HARRIS, J., Enhancing evolution. The ethical case for making people better, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2007
HEY, E., “International Law and the Anthropocene”, ESIL Reflections, n° 5 (10), 2016
HUMPHREYS, S., “Editorial”, Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, n° 7 (1), March 2016, pp. 1–6
HUXLEY, A., Brave New World, London, Chatto & Windus, 1932
HUXLEY, J., “Transhumanism”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, n° 8 (1), 1968, pp. 73-76
JAIN, K.K., Textbook of Personalized Medicine, New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, Humana Press, 2015
JONAS, H., The Imperative of Reponsibility - In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age, Chicago, London, The University of Chicago Press, 1984
KIAPI, S., “Interpreting the right to health under the African Charter”, in East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights, n° 11(1), 2005, pp. 1-20
KOTZÉ, L. J., “Rethinking Global Environmental Law and Governance in the Anthropocene”, Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, n° 32 (2), 2014
KUPPUSWAMY, C., MACER, D., SERBULEA, M., TOBIN, B., United Nations University – Institute of Advanced Studies, Biodiplomacy Programme, “Is Human Reproductive Cloning Inevitable: Future Options for UN Governance”, 2007
LANGEVELD, H., RÖLING N.G., Changing European Farming Systems for a Better Future: New Visions for Rural Areas, Wageningen, Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006
LÓPEZ-LÓPEZ, M., GUERRERO-CAMACHO, J. L., FAMILIAR-LÓPEZ, I. M., JUNG-COOK, H., CORONA-VÁZQUEZ, T., ALONSO-VILATELA, M. E., “Pharmacogenomics: the quest for individualized therapy”, Revista de Neurologia, n° 39 (11), 2004, pp. 1063-1071
MACKLIN, R., “Dignity is a useless concept”, British Medical Journal, n° 327, 2003
MALPAS, P. J., “Is genetic information relevantly different from other kinds of non-genetic information in the life insurance context?”, Journal of Medical Ethics, n° 34, 2008, pp. 548-551
MANCISIDOR, M., “Is There Such a Thing as a Human Right to Science in International Law? “, ESIL Reflections, n° 4(1), (7 April 2015), available at http://www.esil-sedi.eu/node/896
MANCISIDOR, M., “Historia del Derecho Humano a la Ciencia”, in Die Subversive Kraft der Menchenrechte, HUHLE, N., HUHLE, T., (eds.), Oldenburg, Paulo Freire Verlag, 2015
MORRIS, T., Hans Jonas's Ethic of Responsibility: From Ontology to Ecology, Albany, State University of New York Press, 2013
MURPHY, S. V., ATALA, A., “3D bioprinting of tissues and organs”, Nature Biotechnologies, n° 32 (8), August 2014, pp. 773-785
NAYAK, S., “Progress and prospects: immune responses to viral vectors”, Gene Therapy, n° 17 (3), 2010, pp. 295-304
NEBERT D. W., "Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: why is this relevant to the clinical geneticist?”, Clinal Genetics, n° 56 (4),1999, pp. 247-258
OKAFOR, O. C., “A regional perspective: article 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, in Realizing the Right to Development”, Essays in Commemoration of 25 Years of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, United Nations, 31 December 2013, pp. 373-384
ORCUT, M., “The Unintended Consequence of Congress’s Ban on Designer Babies. The testing of new therapies to prevent a debilitating mitochondrial genetic disease in babies has hit a dead end”, MIT Technology Review, 26 August 2016
POLLACK, A., “Cloning Is Used to Create Embryonic Stem Cells”, The New York Times, 15 May 2013, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/science/scientists-use-cloning-to-create-embryonic-stem-cells.html
QUAGLIO, G. L., KARAPIPERIS, T., VAN WOENSEL, L., ARNOLD, E., MCDAID, D., “Austerity and health in Europe”, Health Policy, n° 113 (1–2), November 2013, Pages 13-19
RAPISARDA, I., Il corpo umano come oggetto di diritto nell’era biotecnologica, PhD Thesis, Doctoral School of “Diritto Europeo dei Contratti Civili, Commerciali e del Lavoro”, Ciclo XXVIII, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia
RODOTÀ, S., Il diritto di avere diritti, Bari, Editori Laterza, 2012
RUCKERT, A., LABONTÉ, R., “The global financial crisis and health equity: Early experiences from Canada”, Global Health, n° 10 (2), 2014
RUÍZ-CANELA LÓPEZ, M., “Farmacogenética y farmacogenómica”, Enciclopedia de Bioderecho y Bioética, available at https://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/155
SAUTER, W., “Harmonisation in healthcare: the EU patients’ rights Directive”, Nederlandse Zorgautoriteit, Hune 2011
SCHEIL-ADLUNG, X., KUHL, C., “Addressing inequities in access to health care for vulnerable groups in countries of Europe and Central Asia”, Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All, Social Security Department - International Labour Office, International Labour Organization, 2011
SCOTT, K. N., “International Law in the Anthropocene: Responding to the Geoengineering Challenge”, Michigan Journal of International Law, n° 34 (2), 2013
SCOTT, R., WILKINSON, S., “Germline Genetic Modification and Identity: the Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, n° 37 (4), 2017, pp. 886–915
STUCKLER, D., REEVES, A., LOOPSTRA, R., KARANIKOLOS, M., MCKEE, M., “Austerity and health: the impact in the UK and Europe”, European Journal of Public Health, n° 27, Supplement 4, 2017, pp. 18–21
UNAL, M., OZER UNAL, D., “Gene doping in sports”, Sports Medicine, n° 34 (6), 2004, pp. 357-362
VERDUGO GUZMÁN, S. I., “El dopaje genético y la manipulación de genes en el deporte”, IUS ET SCIENTIA, n° 3 (1), 2017, pp. 227-234
WATERS, C.N., SUMMERHAYES, C. P., WOLFE, A. P., BARNOSKY, A. D., “The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations”, Anthropocene, n° 19, 2017, pp. 55–60
WILLIAMS, D., THOMAS, S., “The impact of austerity on the health workforce and the achievement of human resources for health policies in Ireland (2008–2014)”, Human Resources for Health, n° 15 (62), 2017
ZALASIEWICZA, J., WATERS, C. N., SUMMERHAYES, C. P., WOLFE, A. P., BARNOSKY, A. D., CEARRETA, A., CRUTZEN, P., ELLIS, E., FAIRCHILD, I. J., GAŁUSZKA, A., HAFF, P., HAJDAS, I., HEAD, M. J., IVAR DO SUL, J. A., JEANDEL, C., LEINFELDER, R., MCNEILL, J.R., NEAL, C., ODADA, E., ORESKES, N., STEFFEN, W., SYVITSKI, J., VIDAS, D., WAGREICH, M., WILLIAMS, M., “The Working Group on the Anthropocene: Summary of evidence and interim recommendations”, Anthropocene, n° 19, 2017, pp. 55–60
Descargas
Publicado
2019-05-25
Cómo citar
Fanni, S. (2019). HUMAN HEALTH AND VULNERABILITY IN THE ERA OF THE ANTHROPOCENE AND OF THE TRANSHUMANISM. IUS ET SCIENTIA, 5(1), 1–53. Recuperado a partir de https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/ies/article/view/13305
Número
Sección
Artículos
Licencia
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores/as podrán adoptar otros acuerdos de licencia no exclusiva de distribución de la versión de la obra publicada (p. ej.: depositarla en un archivo telemático institucional o publicarla en un volumen monográfico) siempre que se indique la publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as difundir su obra a través de Internet (p. ej.: en archivos telemáticos institucionales o en su página web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, lo cual puede producir intercambios interesantes y aumentar las citas de la obra publicada. (Véase El efecto del acceso abierto).
Visualizaciones
- Resumen 102
- PDF 113
