THEORIZING HUMAN ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE FROM AN INTERNATIONAL BIOETHICAL AND BIOLEGAL PERSPECTIVE
Resumen
In 2012, Dr. Liao, Dr. Sandberg and Dr. Roache published an interesting research, aimed at suggesting a challenging solution to climate change based on genetic manipulation: smaller human beings would individually suit better environmental challenges. Although appealing, this theory quite soon reveals its weaknesses against a legal and bioethical landscape, as it would evidently clash with human rights and the principles of international bioethics and international biolaw. Drawing inspiration from the above-mentioned research, this paper assesses the interplay between climate change and bioethical and legal implications under international law. In this respect, the horizons of genome editing are considered against the background of the relevant international reference tools, as the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights and the Oviedo Convention, for advancing feasible solutions offered by therapeutic interventions on human somatic cells and epigenetics as means for improving human adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ASHCROFT, R., “Genetic information and genetic identity”, in THOMPSON, A. K., CHADWICK, R.F. (eds.), Genetic Information, Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishing, New York, 1999.
ANDORNO, R., “Biomedicine and international human rights law: in search of a global consensus”, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, n° 80, 2002, pp. 959-963.
ANDORNO, R., “Can human germline alterations be ethically justified?”, Bioética Forum, n° 10 (2), 2017, Editorial.
ANDORNO, R., “Dignidad Humana”, Enciclopedia de Bioderecho y Bioética, available at http://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/120 last accessed 15 October 2017.
ANDORNO, R., “Global bioethics at UNESCO: in defence of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights”, Journal of Medical Ethics, n° 33 (3), 2007, pp. 150–154.
ANDORNO, R., La bioética y la dignidad de la persona, Editorial Tecnos – Grupo Anaya, Madrid, 2012.
ANDORNO, R., Principles of international biolaw. Seeking common ground at the intersection of bioethics and human rights, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2013.
BINDER, G., “Cultural Relativism and Cultural Imperialism in Human Rights Law”, Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, n° 5, 1999, pp. 211-221.
CARDOSO RODRIGUES, R.A., ‘Dos Novos Desafios À Ética, À Bioética e ao Biodireito na (Nova) Era da (R)Evolução Biotecnológica:Vias e Reflexões”, Revista Bioderecho.es, n° 3, 2016, available at http://revistas.um.es/bioderecho/article/view/260451/197001 last accessed 13 October 2017.
CORTI VARELA, J. L., “Seguridad Humana ante nuevos riesgos biotecnológicos: entre la “cientificación” y la “politización””, Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades, n° 36, 2016, pp. 417-437.
DE LA ROSA JAIMES, V., “Climate Change and Human Rights Litigation in Europe and the Americas”, Seattle Journal of Environmental Law, n° 5 (1), 2015, pp. 164-198.
DE MIGUEL BERIAIN, Í., JORQUI AZOFRA, M., “Patentes y biotecnología: ¿un dilema insuperable?”, Anuario de filosofía del derecho, n° 19, 2002, pp. 283-307.
DE SADELEER, N., “Enforcing EUCHR Principles and Fundamental Rights in Environmental Cases”, Nordic Journal of International Law, n° 81, 2012, 39–74.
DOLINOY, D.C., JIRTLE, R., “Environmental epigenomics in human health and disease”, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, n° 49(1), January 2008, pp. 4-8.
DONDERS, Y., “The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress: in search of state obligations in relation to health”, Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, n° 14(4), November 2011, pp. 371–381.
ESER, A., “Perspectives of medical law under the auspices of modern biotechnology”; Revista de Derecho y Genona Humano, Numero Extraordinario, 2014, pp. 87-101.
FEITO GRANDE, L., “Ingeniería genética (Ético)”, ENCICLOPEDIA de BIODERECHO y BIOÉTICA, available at http://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/185 last accessed 15 October 2017.
FRETWELL WILSON, R., “The Death of Jesse Gelsinger: New Evidence of the Influence of Money and Prestige in Human Research”, American Journal of Law & Medicine, n° 36, 2010, pp. 295-325.
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D.I., Crisis económica, vulnerabilidad multidimensional y cambio climático: la “tormenta perfecta” para el derecho a la salud en europa, Bioderecho.es, Estudios de Vulnerabilidad, n. 5, 2017, available at http://revistas.um.es/bioderecho/article/view/290821 last accessed 10 October 2017.
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D., “Derecho de la Unión, Investigación Embrionaria Humana y Patentes Biológicas”, Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, n° 41, Enero-Abril 2012, pp. 161-180.
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D., “Epigenética y gestación por sustitución: más razones a favor de una regulación internacional para un negocio global”, Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional, vol. XVII, 2017, pp. 329-368.
GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D.I., International Bio Law - An International Overview of Developments in Human Embryo Research and Experimentation, Ediciones Laborum, Murcia, 2010.
GROSS ESPIELL, H., “La Dignidad Humana en los Instrumentos Internacionales sobre Derechos Humanos”, Anuario de Derechos Humanos. Nueva Época, n° 4, 2003, pp. 193-223.
GUERRERO-BOSAGNA C., JENSEN, P., “Globalization, climate change, and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: will our descendants be at risk?”, Clinical Epigenetics n° 7(1), 2015, pp. 8-13.
GUNDERSON, M., “Enhancing Human Rights: How the Use of Human Rights Treaties to Prohibit Genetic Engineering Weakens Human Rights”, Journal of Evolution and Technology, n° 18(1), May 2008, pp. 27-34.
HAIJKOVA P., “Epigenetic reprogramming of the germline: towards the ground state of the epigenome”, Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society, n° 366, 2011, pp. 2266–2273.
HANSELL, G.L., H+/-: Transhumanism and Its Critics, Metanexus, Philadelphia, 2011.
HAREES, L., The Mirage of Dignity on the highways of Human ‘Progress’: the bystanders’ persepctive, Authorhouse, Bloomington, 2012
HERRERA FLORES, J., Los derechos humanos como productos culturales: Crítica del humanismo abstracto, Catarata, Madrid, 2005.
HILDT, E., “Human Germline Interventions–Think First”, Frontiers in Genetics, n° 7, Article n° 81, 2016.
HIPP, J., ATALA, A., “Tissue engineering, stem cells, cloning, and parthenogenesis: new paradigms for therapy”, Journal of Experimental and Clinical Assisted Reproduction, n° 1(3), 2004, available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539246/pdf/1743-1050-1-3.pdf last accessed 14 October 2017.
JI, H., KHURANA HERSHEY G.K., “Genetic and epigenetic influence on the response to environmental particulate matter”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, n° 129(1), January 2012, PP. 33–41.
KEIL K.P., LEIN, P.J., “DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders”, Environmental Epigenetics, n° 1, 2015, available at https://academic.oup.com/eep/article/2/1/dvv012/2464729 last accessed 13 October 2017.
KIM, J., “Regulating Economic Development: Environmental and Social Standards of the AIIB and the IFC”, Harvard Journal of International Law, 21 April 2016. available at http://www.harvardilj.org/2016/04/regulating-economic-development-environmental-and-social-standards-of-the-aiib-and-the-ifc/ last accessed 12 October 2017.
KLITZMAN, R., ““Am I my genes?”: Questions of identity among individuals confronting genetic disease”, Genetics in Medicine, n° 11(12), December 2009, pp. 880–889.
LIAO, M., SANDBERG, A., ROACHE, R., ‘Human Engineering and Climate Change’, 2012. Forthcoming as a Target Article in Ethics, Policy and the Environment, available at http://www.smatthewliao.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/HEandClimateChange.pdf last accessed 7 October 2017.
LOCKYER, E.L., “The potential of CRISPR-Cas9 for treating genetic disorders”, Bioscience Horizons, n° 9, 2016, available at https://academic.oup.com/biohorizons/article/doi/10.1093/biohorizons/hzw012/2562795 last accessed 7 October 2017.
MANCISIDOR, M., “Is There Such a Thing as a Human Right to Science in International Law?”, ESIL Reflections, n° 4(1), 7 April 2015, available at http://www.esil-sedi.eu/node/896 last accessed 15 October 2017.
MARIS MARTÍNEZ, S., “Ingeniería genética (Jurídico)”, ENCICLOPEDIA de BIODERECHO y BIOÉTICA, available at http://enciclopedia-bioderecho.com/voces/186 last accessed 15 October 2017.
MARKS, S. P., “Tying Prometheus Down: the International Law of Human Genetic Manipulation”, Chicago Journal of International Law 3 (1), 2002, pp. 115-136.
MAZZONI, M., RODOTà, S., ZATTI, P., Trattato Di Biodiritto. Il governo del Corpo, GIUFFRé, Milano, 2011.
McADAM, J., “Part IV, Living with climate change and climate change adaptation measures – CH. 23 Climate change and related displacement of persons” in CARLARNE, C.P., GRAY, K.R., TARASOFSKY, R., (eds.), Oxford Handbook of International Climate Change Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016.
McLEAN, S.A.M., Genetics and Gene Therapy, Routledge, London, 2017.
MORELLI, M., “El concepto del bioderecho y los derechos humanos”, Vida y Ética, n° 1, año 11, 2010, pp. 194-222.
MORSINK, J., The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting and Intent, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1999
MUYARADZI, M., “Critical reflections on the principle of beneficence in biomedicine”, Pan African Medical Journal n° 11(29), 2012, available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3325067/pdf/PAMJ-11-29.pdf last accessed 7 October 2017.
NICKEL, J., REIDY, K., Relativism, Self-Determination, and Human Rights, available at http://web.utk.edu/~dreidy/nickelreidyfinaldraft2005.pdf last accessed 11 October 2017.
NICKEL, J. W., Making sense of human rights: Philosophical reflections on the universal declaration of human rights, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1987.
NUEVO LÓPEZ, P., “Dignidad humana y patentabilidad de invenciones biomédicas”, Estudios de Deusto, n° 60 (1) (2012), pp. 327-355.
OBASOGIE, O. K., “Ten Years Later: Jesse Gelsinger’s Death and Human Subjects Protection”, The Hastings Center, availbale at http://www.thehastingscenter.org/ten-years-later-jesse-gelsingers-death-and-human-subjects-protection/ last accessed 15 October 2017.
OKAFOR, O. K., A regional perspective: article 22 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, in Realizing the Right to Development, Essays in Commemoration of 25 Years of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development, United Nations, 31 December 2013, pp. 373-384.
ORMOND, K.E., MORTLOCK, D.P., SCHOLES, D.T., BOMBARD, Y., BRODY, L.C., FAUCETT, A., GARRISON, N.A., HERCHER, L., ISASI, R., MIDDLETON, A., MUSUNURU, K., SHRINER, D., VIRANI, A., YOUNG, C.E., “Human Germline Genome Editing”, The American Journal of Human Genetics, n° 101 (2), 3 August 2017, pp. 167-176.
PALLADINO, M.A., Understanding the Human Genome Project, Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, 2006.
PASQUALUCCI, J., “The Right to a Dignified Life (Vida Digna): The Integration of Social and Economic Rights with Civil and Political Rights in the Inter-American Human Rights System”, Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, n° 31(1), 2008, pp. 1-32.
PETERS, A., Beyond Human Rights: The Legal Status of the Individual in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 2016.
RODOTA’, S., La Vita e le Regole. Tra Diritto e Non Diritto, laFeltrinelli, Milano, 2006.
SÁNCHEZ PATRÓN, J. M., TORRES CAZORLA, M.I., GARCÍA SAN JOSÉ, D., Bioderecho, Seguridad y Medioambiente. Biolaw, Security and Environment, Tirant Lo Blanch, Valencia, 2015.
SHEARD, A., “Patenting Stem Cell Technologies in Europe”, Cold Spring Harbour Perspective in Medicine, n° 5(3), March 2015, available at <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4355253/> last accessed 20 October 2017.
SHUKLA, S., MEERAN, S.M., KATIYAR, S.K., “Epigenetic regulation by selected dietary phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention”, Cancer Letters, n° 355(1), 1 December 2014, pp. 9-17.
SMITH, K.R., “Gene Therapy: The Potential Applicability of Gene Transfer Technology to the Human Germline”, International Journal of Medical Science, n° 1(2), 2004, pp. 76-91.
SPAAK, T., “Moral Relativism and Human Rights”, Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 13, 2007, available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=923445 last accessed 7 October 2017.
SPEAKER, S. L., LINDEE, M. S., HANSON, E., A Guide to the Human Genome Project: Technologies, People, and Institutions, Chemical Heritage Foundation, Publication n° 11, Philadelphia, 1993.
STILLINGS, Z. L., “Human Rights and the New Reality of Climate Change: Adaptation's Limitations in Achieving Climate Justice”, Michigan Journal of International Law, n° 35(3), 2014, pp. 638-671.
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2018-12-14
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Fanni, S., & Contipelli, E. (2018). THEORIZING HUMAN ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE FROM AN INTERNATIONAL BIOETHICAL AND BIOLEGAL PERSPECTIVE. IUS ET SCIENTIA, 4(2), 1–30. Recuperado a partir de https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/ies/article/view/13278
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