Turismo de eventos culturales y festivales. Contraste de experiencias entre dos festivales de cine en distintas fases de consolidación: San Sebastián (España) y Fajr (Irán)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12795/rea.2024.i47.11Palabras clave:
Turismo de eventos, Eventos culturales, Festivales de cine, Irán, EspañaResumen
El turismo es un importante fenómeno económico tanto en los países desarrollados como en los países en desarrollo. El turismo de eventos, y más concretamente el centrado en las actividades culturales, constituye un nicho de mercado que ha ido ganando importancia, y que se viene investigando desde hace treinta años. Existe notable coincidencia en la literatura científica acerca de que los eventos culturales tienen un notable impacto positivo en la desestacionalización y el rejuvenecimiento de un destino turístico, al tiempo que promueven la cultura local. Entre los eventos culturales más populares del mundo, los festivales de cine constituyen una modalidad diferenciada. Este artículo se centra en realizar un contraste entre dos experiencias de festivales con distinto nivel de consolidación, el de San Sebastián (España) y el de Fajr (Irán), analizando sus principales rasgos y diferencias desde el punto de vista turístico. El primero ha alcanzado prestigio a nivel mundial. Mientras que el segundo está aún en fase de consolidación, en un contexto institucional y socioeconómico comparable al que atravesó el festival español varias décadas atrás. En el artículo se intentan señalar las principales carencias y retos que debe afrontar el Festival de Fajr, en especial en la coordinación de las sedes y los sectores correspondientes del festival, para avanzar hacia un evento de alto nivel con valor turístico que pueda beneficiar a los locales y abrir las puertas hacia el turismo internacional.
Descargas
Citas
Amini, M., & Najafi, M. (2023). Fajr 41, number 13. Tehran: Festival Internacional del cine de Fajr.
Alvaro Barrientos. (2023, July 7). Spain’s San Fermin running of the bulls festival is in full forcé |CTV News. The Associated Press. https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/thousands-take-part-in-first-running-of-the-bulls-in-spain-s-san-fermin-festival-1.6470631
Arora, R. (2022). TravelTriangle>Blog>Europe»Spain»>18 Must-Attend Spanish Festivals In 2022 That Reflect Europe’s Rich Culture 18 Must-Attend Spanish Festivals In 2022 That Reflect Europe’s Rich Culture. https://traveltriangle.com/blog/spanish-festivals/
Ashworth, G., & Dietvorst, A. (1995). Tourism and spatial transformations; implications for policy and planning.
Báez, A., & Devesa, M. (2014). Segmenting and profiling attendees of a film festival. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 5(2), 96-115. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-08-2013-0021
Bijami, M., & Albattat, A. (2019). Challenges in Iran Tourism Industry. Journal of Travel. Tourism and Recreation, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.22259/2642-908X.0101001
Blešić, I., Pivac, T., Đorđević, J., Stamenković, I., & Janićević, S. (2014). Cultural events as part of cultural tourism development. Case study: Sombor and Apatin (Serbia). Acta geographica Slovenica, 54(2), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS54406
Bod, M., & Darman, F. (2023). The Impacts of Event Tourism in Iran. Tourism of Culture.
Bogan, E. (2017). The role of festivals in developing and promoting the urban tourism in the Bucharest Municipality.
Booth, A. (2020). Anthropology of events: Diasporic perspectives, events and the representation of people. In Routledge (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Events (pp. 137-154). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429280993-10
Bourton, B. (2021). Top 5 cultural festivals in Spain. https://www.workingabroad.com/blog/top-5-cultural-festivals-in-spain/
Cinemafa. (2022). The record of holding Iranian film festivals. https://rb.gy/rsqjw0cineytele.
Cine&Tele (2023). El Festival de San Sebastián 2022 batió récord de personas acreditadas con más de 4.500 profesionales. https://www.cineytele.com/2022/12/16/https-www-cineytele-com-2022-12-19-as-bestas-y-apagagon-se-imponen-en-los-premios-forque-2022/#:~:text=Contacto-,El%20Festival%20de%20San%20Sebasti%C3%A1n%202022%20bati%C3%B3%20r%C3%A9cord%20de,con%20m%C3%A1s%20de%204.
Donostia San Sebastian Turismoa. (s.f.). Information on accessibility for tourists visiting the city. https://accessibility.sansebastianturismoa.eus/en/to-do/events-and-festivals/film-festival
Eghtesaad24. (2022). Fajr Film Festival and ambiguous financial sequences. https://rb.gy/hhubir
Elkin, M. (2013). San Sebastian Film Festival Boosts Local Economy by $24 Million, Study Says. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/san-sebastian-film-festival-boosts-585473/
Euronews. (2023a, February 19). Brazil celebrates return of the Rio de Janeiro Carnival | Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/02/19/brazil-celebrates-the-return-of-the-rio-de-janeiro-carnival
Euronews. (2023b, October 10). La Tomatina 2023: The best pictures from the world’s biggest food fight | Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/culture/2023/08/31/la-tomatina-2023-the-best-pictures-from-the-worlds-biggest-food-fight
European Coordination of Film Festivals. (1999). The Socio-economic impact of film festi- vals in Europe.
Fajr Film Festival. (Last update 2023). News. https://fajrfilmfestival.com/
Fajr International Film Festival. (2021). Fajr International Film Festival Rules & Regulations. https://www.fajriff.com/en/festival-2021/fajr-international-film-festival-rules-regulations/
Fajr International Film Festival. (2022). Fajr 40. Fajr International Film Festival.
Filmba. (s.f.). Festivals. http://www.filmba.ir/index.php/festival
Filmival. (2019). Local film festivals of Iran. https://web.archive.org/web/20190717131317/http://www.filmival.com/category/genres/local/
Focus Taiwan. (2023, February 12). Over 1 million visit Taiwan Lantern Festival Saturday - Focus Taiwan. https://focustaiwan.tw/culture/202302120011
Getz, D. (1989). Special events: Defining the product. Tourism Management, 10(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(89)90053-8
Getz, D. (2002). Why festivals fail. Event Management, 7, 209–219. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599502108751604
Getz, D. (2004). Event management and event tourism (2nd Edition ed.). University of Calgary.
Getz, D. (2005). Event management and event tourism (2nd edn.).
Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TOURMAN.2007.07.017
Ghamgosar, S. (2018). Domestic Iranian Film festivals. https://aradmobile.com/mag/culture-and-art/cinema-theatre/domestic-iranian-film-festivals/
Goldblatt, J. J. (2002). Special events: global event management in the 21st century. Wiley.
Goodrick, D. (2014). Comparative Case Studies. www.unicef-irc.org
Government of IRI. (2023). Iran’s Tourism Picks Up 39 Percent In 2022, WTTC Report Says. https://irangov.ir/detail/415453
Grunwell, S. (2007). Film festivals: An empirical study of factors for success. Event management, 11(4), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599508785899893
Grunwell, S., Ha, I., & Martin, B. (2008). A comparative analysis of attendee profiles at two urban festivals. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 9(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470140802104516
Hewitt, J. (2021). The 15 Best World Festivals to Attend. https://wanderlustphotosblog.com/2018/11/26/the-top-15-cultural-festivals-and-events-to-attend-around-the-world/
Holiday Tours. (2022). European Cultural Festivals You Can’t Miss In 2022. https://www.holidaytourstravel.com/top-european-cultural-festivals/
InEvent. (2023, April 27). Coachella 2023: Lessons for Event Planners on Planning a Successful Festival. – InEvent Blog. https://inevent.com/blog/marketing/coachella-2023-tips-for-event-planners.html
Iran Daily. (2023). 39 percent growth in Iran’s tourism industry in 2022. https://newspaper.irandaily.ir/7333/3/3321
Jago, L. K., & Robin N Shaw. (1998). Special events: a conceptual and definitional framework. Festival Management & Event Tourism, 5, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.3727/106527098792186775
Khodadadi, M. (2016). A new dawn? The Iran nuclear deal and the future of the Iranian tourism industry. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2015.12.019
Ko, Y.-S., Park, S.-H., & Lee, K.-Y. (2018). Railbike experience and tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 18(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2018.1439031
Kyle. (2022). 11 Best Festivals Around the World To Visit This Year. https://viatravelers.com/best-festivals-around-the-world/
Latifpour, Y. (2015). Does the Fajr Film Festival become “international” easily? https://www.bbc.com/persian/blogs/2015/04/150427_l51_nazeran_fajr_int_film_festival
Maeng, H. Y., Jang, H. Y., & Li, J. M. (2016). A critical review of the motivational factors for festival attendance based on meta-analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 17, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2015.10.003
Manouchehri, S., Mohammadi, S., & Eskandari, H. (2023). A qualitative Analysis of the Development of Event-Oriented Tourism Based on the International Street Theater Festival of Marivan City. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 13(46), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.22111/GAIJ.2022.41197.2997
Martín Muñoz, G. (2021). Iran, a Geopolitical Player in the Middle East: IEMed. https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/
Matthews, D. (2008). Special Event Production: The Process. Butterworth. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080554983
Mousavi, S., Doratli, N., Mousavi, S., & Moradiahari, F. (2016). Defining cultural tourism. International Conference on Civil, Architecture and Sustainable Development, 1(2), 70-75.
Navarro, E. (2023, November 11). Diwali 2023: Festival of lights brings hundreds together in Central California - ABC30 Fresno. Abc30. https://abc30.com/festival-of-lights-diwali-celebrations-indian-tradition-food-and-unity/14042170/
Nicholson, R. E., & Pearce, D. G. (2001). Why do people attend events: A comparative analysis of visitor motivations at four South Island events. Journal of Travel Research, 39(4), 449–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750103900412
Okech, R. (2011). Promoting sustainable festival events tourism: A case study of Lamu Kenya. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554211111142158
Oklobdžija, S. (2015). The role of events in tourism development. Bizinfo (Blace), 6(2), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.5937/BIZINFO1502083O
Oktoberfesttours. (2023, October 14). Oktoberfest 2023 Beer Consumption Tops 6.5 Million Liters. https://www.oktoberfesttours.travel/2023/10/14/oktoberfest-2023-beer-consumption/
Ooi, C., & Pedersen, J. (2010). City branding and film festivals: Re-evaluating stakeholder’s relations. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6(4), 316-332. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2010.30
Parker, K. (2022). Cultural Tours: What To Look For. https://hiddenlemur.com/cultural-tours-what-to-look-for/
Puche-Ruiz, M. C. (2022). Flamboyance and wit. The promotion of film-induced tourism and Andalusian-inspired ‘brand Spain’ under the Ministry of Information and Tourism (1953-1959). Journal of Tourism History, 14(2), 167–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2118377
Quinn, B. (2006). Problematising ‘festival tourism’: Arts festivals and sustainable development in Ireland. Journal of sustainable tourism, 14(3), 288-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580608669060
Radio Farda. (2023). La elevada participación de las instituciones gubernamentales en las películas del Festival de Cine de Fajr. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/32239494.html
Richards, G., Richards, G., & editors. (1996). Cultural tourism in Europe. Cab International.
Rüling, C. C., & Strandgaard Pedersen, J. (2010). Film festival research from an organizational studies perspective. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26(3), 318–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCAMAN.2010.06.006
Salazar, N. B. (2006). Building a “Culture of Peace” through Tourism: Reflexive and analytical notes and queries. Universitas Humanística, 62, 319–336. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-48072006000200012&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
San Sebastian details. (2022). San Sebastián International Film Festival. https://sansebastiandetails.com/calendar/filmfestival
San Sebastian Festival. (s.f.). The Film Festival as a promotional platform. https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/festival_sponsors/1/139/in
Shortfilmnews. (s.f.). Introduction of festivals. https://shortfilmnews.com/festivals/
Skyler Caruso. (2023, March 8). Holi 2023: Everything to Know About the Festival of Colors. People. https://people.com/human-interest/holi-everything-to-know/
SSIFF. (2021). Report on gender identity at the San Sebastian Festival 2021. San Sebastian International Film Festival.
SSIFF. (2021). San Sebastian Festival takes steps to reduce its environmental impact. San Sebastian International Film Festival.
SSIFF. (2022). Memoria Zinemaldia 2022.
SSIFF. (2022). San Sebastian Festival will be the first institution to offset its footprint through the Gipuzkoa Voluntary Carbon Fund. https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2022/news/1/20002/in
SSIFF. (n.d.). Festival de San Sebastián: Quién es quién. https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/organizacion/1/31/es
Statista. (2023). Iran - gross domestic product (GDP) 2028 | Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/294233/iran-gross-domestic-product-gdp/
Sustain Europe. (2017). San Sebastián: More than a European Capital of Culture. https://www.sustaineurope.com/san-sebastian-more-than-a-capital-of-culture-20172006.html
The World Bank. (2022). Iran Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview
travelartstories. (2017). Travel. 5 Cultural Events You Need to Visit! https://travelartstories.com/5-cultural-events-you-need-to-visit/
UNWTO. (2023). World tourism day 2023. UNWTO. https://www.unwto.org/world-tourism-day-2023
Vila, N. A., & Vila, T. D. (2012). Los festivales de cine como elemento potenciador de destinos turísticos. El caso de San Sebastián. Vivat Academia, 31–49. https://doi.org/10.15178/VA.2012.121.31-49
Yolal, M., Rus, R., Cosma, S., & Gursoy, D. (Julio de 2015). A pilot study on spectators’ motivations and their socio-economic perceptions of a film festival. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 16(3), 253-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2015.1043610
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Revista de Estudios Andaluces
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
La edición electrónica de la Revista de Estudios Andaluces se ofrece en acceso abierto desde el número 28 publicado en 2011 hasta la actualidad. Las ediciones impresa y electrónica de esta Revista son editadas por la Editorial de la Universidad de Sevilla, siendo necesario citar la procedencia en cualquier reproducción parcial o total.
La Revista de Estudios Andaluces no cobra tasas por el envío de trabajos, ni tampoco cuotas por la publicación de sus artículos. La Revista es gratuita desde el momento de la publicación de cada número y sus contenidos se distribuyen con la licencia “CreativeCommons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional” , que permite al usuario de la Revista de Estudios Andaluces criterios que cumplen con la definición de open access de la Declaración de Budapest en favor del acceso abierto. Puede consultar desde aquí la versión informativa y el texto legal de la licencia. Esta circunstancia ha de hacerse constar expresamente de esta forma cuando sea necesario.
Aceptado 2024-01-13
Publicado 2024-02-23
