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In this work, based on data analyses conducted in Argentinian adult population that link health patterns at the population level with a hypothesis from evolutionary biology, we seek to highlight the limitations and problematize some of the assumptions and approaches that “classical” epidemiology uses to explain complex noncommunicable conditions such as, in this case, type 2 diabetes. We also use this alternative analysis to question the uncritical and decontextualized adoption of diagnostic criteria and categories crafted according to particular interests and imposed through inequality in power relations.