Theorizing an enhancement of the protection and of the justiciability of biorights in the European Union
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12795/IETSCIENTIA.2021.i01.13Keywords:
Court of Justice of the European Union, European Court of Human Rights, Biorights, Human embryo research, Surrogacy, Abortion, Cross-fertilizationAbstract
The attention given to bioethics and biolaw has grown throughout the decades in the framework of the European Union, since the first steps were taken in the field of medical products, with the adoption of Council Directive 65/65/EEC. Moving from the EU Treaties, which provide the legal bases for bioethics and biorights as well as for some potentially competing principles and interests, as the four freedoms, this study adopts a human rights-based approach to biolaw and assesses the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the role of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR) from this viewpoint. Comparison is made with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, for analysing viable paths of judicial dialogue and cross-fertilization as a response to the challenges posed by biolaw, in line with Article 52(3) of the CFR.
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References
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Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 27 April 2016, on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA. OJ L 119, 4 May 2016, pp. 89–131. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2016.119.01.0089.01.ENG
European Union, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 26 October 2012, 2012/C 326/02. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12012P%2FTXT
Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 31 March 2004, laying down Community procedures for the authorisation and supervision of medicinal products for human and veterinary use and establishing a European Medicines Agency (Text with EEA relevance). OJ L 136, 30 April 2004, pp. 1–33. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32004R0726
Regulation (EC) No 1905/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 18 December 2006, establishing a financing instrument for development cooperation. OJ L 378, 27 December 2006, pp. 41–71 (ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, SL, FI, SV), Special edition in Bulgarian: Chapter 11 Volume 051 pp. 232 – 262, Special edition in Romanian: Chapter 11 Volume 051 pp. 232 – 262, Special edition in Croatian: Chapter 11 Volume 028 pp. 92 – 122. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32006R1905
Regulation (EC) No 1394/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 13 November 2007, on advanced therapy medicinal products and amending Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 (Text with EEA relevance). OJ L 324, 10 December 2007, p. 121–137. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32007R1394
Regulation (EC) No 1567/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 15 July 2003, on aid for policies and actions on reproductive and sexual health and rights in developing countries. OJ L 224, 6 September 2003, pp. 1–6 (ES, DA, DE, EL, EN, FR, IT, NL, PT, FI, SV), Special edition in Czech: Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 2, Special edition in Estonian: Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 29, Special edition in Latvian: Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 29, Special edition in Lithuanian: Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 29, Special edition in Hungarian Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 29, Special edition in Maltese: Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 29, Special edition in Polish: Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 29, Special edition in Slovak: Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 29, Special edition in Slovene: Chapter 11 Volume 048 pp. 24 – 29. https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e2881dc1-68f0-4ff8-a522-abf81678f673/language-en
Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 5 April 2017, on medical devices, amending Directive 2001/83/EC, Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and repealing Council Directives 90/385/EEC and 93/42/EEC (Text with EEA relevance). OJ L 117, 5 May 2017, pp. 1–175. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32017R0745
Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 16 April 2014, on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC Text with EEA relevance. OJ L 158, 27 May
, pp. 1–76. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014R0536
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 27 April 2016, on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance). OJ L 119, 4 May 2016, pp. 1–88. https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/3e485e15-11bd-11e6-ba9a-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
Regulation (EU) 2017/746 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 5 April 2017, on in vitro diagnostic medical devices and repealing Directive 98/79/EC and Commission Decision 2010/227/EU (Text with EEA relevance). OJ L 117, 5 May 2017, pp. 176–332. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32017R0746
UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, of 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, p. 3. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx
UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, of 10 December 1948, 217 A (III). http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, of 23 May 1969, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201155/volume-1155-I-18232-English.pdf
Case law/Jurisprudencia;
Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office
Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office (EPO), G 0002/06 (Use of embryos/WARF) of 25 November 2008.
European Court of Justice;
Case C-167/12 C. D. v S. T. [GC] 2014 ECR Reports of Cases - published in the electronic Reports of Cases (Court Reports - general). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62012CA0167
Case C-32/93 Carole Louise Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd. 1994 ECR I-03567. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61993CJ0032
Case C-29/69 Erich Stauder v City of Ulm - Sozialamt 1969 ECR 419.
Case C‑337/11 HK Danmark, acting on behalf of Jette Ring v Dansk almennyttigt Boligselskab(C‑335/11) and HK Danmark, acting on behalf of Lone Skouboe Werge v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, acting on behalf of Pro Display A/S (C‑337/11) 2013 ECR Reports of Cases - published in the electronic Reports of Cases (Court Reports - general). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62011CJ0335
Case C-11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel 1970 ECR 1125.
Case C-364/13 International Stem Cell Corporation v Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks [GC] 2014 ECR Reports of Cases - published in the electronic Reports of Cases (Court Reports - general). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62013CJ0364
Case C-595/12 Loredana Napoli v Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell’Amministrazione penitenziaria 2014 ECR Digital reports (Court Reports - general). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62012CJ0595
Case C-4/73 J. Nold, Kohlen- und Baustoffgroßhandlung v Commission of the European Communities 1974 ECR 491.
Case C-377/98 Kingdom of the Netherlands v European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2001 ECR I-07079. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61998CJ0377
Case C-34/10 Oliver Brüstle v Greenpeace eV. [GC] 2011 ECR I-09821. https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=en&num=C-34/10
C-36/02 Omega Spielhallen- und Automatenaufstellungs-GmbH v Oberbürgermeisterin der Bundesstadt Bonn 2004 ECR I-09609. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62002CJ0036
Case C-158/96 Raymond Kohll v Union des caisses de maladie 1998 ECR I-01931. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61996CJ0158
Case C-506/06 Sabine Mayr v Bäckerei und Konditorei Gerhard Flöckner OHG [GC] 2008 ECR I-01017. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62006CJ0506#
Case C-555/07 Seda Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co. KG [GC] 2010 ECR I-00365. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62007CJ0555
Case C-372/04 The Queen, on the application of Yvonne Watts v Bedford Primary Care Trust and Secretary of State for Health [GC] 2006 ECR I-04325. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62004CJ0372
Case C-159/90 The Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v Stephen Grogan and others 1991 ECR I-04685. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61990CJ0159
Case C-144/04 Werner Mangold v Rüdiger Helm [GC] 2005 ECR I-09981. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62004CJ0144
Case C-363/12 Z v A Government Department, The Board of Management of a Community School [GC] 2014 ECR Reports of Cases - published in the electronic Reports of Cases (Court Reports - general). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62012CA0363
Opinion of the Advocate General Cruz Villalón, delivered on 17 July 2014, Case C-364/13 International Stem Cell Corporation v Comptroller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62013CC0364
Opinion of Mr Advocate General Jacobs delivered on 14 June 2001, Case C- 377/98 Kingdom of the Netherlands v European Parliament and Council of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61998CC0377
Opinion of the Advocate General Kokott, delivered on 26 September 2013, Case C-167/12 C.D. v. S.T. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62012CC0167
European Court of Human Rights;
A, B and C v. Ireland [GC], 2010-VI Eur. Ct. H.R. 185. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22a.%20b%20and%20c%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-102332%22]}
Airey v. Ireland, 3 Eur. Ct. H.R. (Ser. A) (1979). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22AIREY%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-57420%22]}
Advisory opinion concerning the recognition in domestic law of a legal parent-child relationship between a child born through a gestational surrogacy arrangement abroad and the intended mother, Requested by the French Court of Cassation (Request No. P16-2018-001), European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber), 10 April 2019, pag. 15, para, 1. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22003-6380464-8364383%22]}
Costa and Pavan v. Italy, Eur. Ct. H.R., Strasbourg 28 August 2012. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22costa%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-112993%22]}
D. and Others v. Belgium, Eur. Ct. H.R., Strasbourg 8 July 2014. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{“itemid”:[“001-146420”]}
Demir and Baykara v Turkey [GC], 2008-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 333. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-89558%22]}
Evans v. the United Kingdom [GC], 2007-I Eur. Ct. H.R. 353. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22evans%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-80046%22]}
Foulon et Bouvet v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R., Strasbourg 21 July 2016. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-164968%22]}
Glass v. the United Kingdom, 2004-II Eur. Ct. H.R. 25. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22glass%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-61663%22]}
Goodwin v United Kingdom, 2002-VI Eur. Ct. H.R. 1. http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=001-57974
Hirst v. the United Kingdom (2) [GC], 2005-IX Eur. Ct. H.R. 187. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22dmdocnumber%22:[%22787485%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-70442%22]}
Konstantin Markin v. Russia, 2012-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 1. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22konstantin%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-109868%22]}
Labassee v. France, Eur. Ct. H.R., Strasbourg 26 June 2014. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-145180%22]}
Ilgar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan, Eur. Ct. H.R., Strasbourg 22 May 2014. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22mammadov%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-144124%22]}
Ilgar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan, Eur. Ct. H.R., Key Case, Strasbourg, 29 May 2019. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22mammadov%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-193543%22]}
Mennesson v. France, 2014-III Eur. Ct. H.R. 219. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22mennesson%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-145179%22]};
Oao Neftyanaya Kompaniya Yukos v. Russia, Eur. Ct. H.R., Strasbourg 20 September 2011. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22yukos%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-106308%22]}
Open Door and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland, 68 Eur. Ct. H.R. 244 (1992). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22open%20doors%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-57789%22]}
Paradiso and Campanelli v. Italy, Eur. Ct. H.R., Strasbourg 27 January 2015. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-151056%22]}
Paradiso and Campanelli v. Italy [GC], 2017 Eur. Ct. H.R. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22paradiso%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-170359%22]}
Parrillo v. Italy, Eur. Ct. H.R, Strasbourg 28 May 2013. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-141613%22]}
Parrillo v. Italy [GC], 2015-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 141. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22parrillo%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-157263%22]}
Pretty v. the United Kingdom, 2002-III Eur. Ct. H.R. 155. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22pretty%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-60448%22]}
R.R. v. Poland, 2011-III Eur. Ct. H.R. 209. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-104911%22]}
S.H. and Others v. Austria [GC], 2011-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 295. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22s.h.%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHAMBER%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-107325%22]}
Tyrer v United Kingdom, Merits, 26 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) (1978). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-57587%22]}
Tysiac v. Poland, 2007-I EEur. Ct. H.R. 219. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-79812%22]}
Vo. v. France (App. No. 53924/00) (2004) VIII ECHR 326, (2005) 40 EHRR 12. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-61887%22]}
Inter-American Court of Human Rights;
Case of Artavia Murillo et al. (“In vitro fertilization”) v. Costa Rica, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 257, (28 Nov. 2012). https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_257_ing.pdf
Matter of B., Provisional Measures regarding El Salvador, Order, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., (29 May 2013). https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/medidas/B_se_01_ing.pdf
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