ANÁLISIS JURÍDICO COMPARATIVO DE LA POLÍTICA DEL IDIOMA EN RELACIÓN CON LAS MINORÍAS NACIONALES (SIGLO XVI-XX) COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE POLICY IN RELATION TO NATIONAL MINORITIES (16TH-20TH CENTURIES)
Resumen
Resumen: Este artículo discute la política lingüística en relación con las minorías nacionales en países como Polonia, Gran Bretaña, Francia, Italia, Alemania, Austria, Bélgica y Hungría. La elección de estos países está determinada por la política lingüística multidireccional durante sus etapas. Se presta especial atención a los actos jurídicos nacionales, así como a los actos celebrados entre países. Además, el artículo analiza en detalle los principales factores que influyeron en la política lingüística, como los levantamientos, el bajo nivel de educación y otros.
Abstract: This article discusses language policy in relation to national minorities in countries such as Poland, Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Belgium, and Hungary. The choice of these countries is determined by the multidirectional language policy during its stages. Special attention is paid to domestic legal acts, as well as acts concluded between countries. In addition, the article analyzes in detail the main factors that influenced language policy, such as uprisings, low level of education, and others.
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Fuentes de consultadas
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Actos normativos y legales de Alemania
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Actos normativos y legales del Reino Unido
First Report on the Select Committee on Emigration in Scotland. The House of Commons.1841. -P.19.
The Act of Union 1536. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/tudors_04.shtml (date accessed: 16.11.2018).
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Actos normativos y legales de Polonia
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Normative-legal acts of Austria
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Actos normativos y legales de Francia
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Loi № 51-46 du 11 janvier 1951 relative à l'enseignement des langues et des dialectes locaux. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/France-loi_Deixonne-texte-1951.htm(Date accessed:11.02.2019).
Loi du 2 août 1963 sur l'emploi des langues en matière administrative. // Moniteur belge du 22 août 1962.
Loi № 75-620 du 11 juillet 1975 relative à l’éducation «Loi Haby», version consolidée au 21 juin 2000. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.observatori-occitan.org/documents/1975_Loi_Haby.pdf (Date accessed:11.02.2019).
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Actos normativos y legales de Hungría
The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, Act XX of 1949. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/E.C.12.HUN.3-Annex2.pdf (Date accessed:07.05.2019).
Hungary: Act LXXVII of 1993 on the Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4c3476272.html (Date accessed: 30.05.2019).
Actos jurídicos normativos de Bélgica
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Law Governing the Use of Languages in Administrative Matters. Coordinated on July 18, 1966. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.uottawa.ca/clmc/kingdom-belgium-law-governing-use-languages-administrative-matters(Date accessed: 26.11.2018).
Jurisprudencia
Belgium Linguistics Case - «In the case “relating to certain aspects of the laws on the use of languages in education in Belgium» v Belgium (Application no 1474/62; 1677/62; 1691/62; 1769/63; 1994/63; 2126/64). [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Belgian%20linguistics%20case.pdf (Date accessed:26.11.2018).
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of case «Relating to certain aspects of the laws on the use of languages in education in Belgium» v. Belgium (Merits). [Electronic resource]. Access mode; https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-223-Belgian-Linguistic-case-full-case.pdf(Date accessed:11.11.2018).
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69. School history. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.bunscoilphobalfeirste.com/Page/School-History/369/Index.html (Date accessed: 21.05.2019).
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84. WITHERS, C.W.J., Gaelic in Scotland 1698-1981. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers LTD.1984.-P.241.
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Treaty establishing the European Community. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12002E%2FTXT (Date accessed: 31.05.2019).
Carta de derechos fundamentales de la Unión Europea, 7 de diciembre de 2000. [Recurso electrónico]. Modo de acceso: https://www.refworld.org.ru/docid/52e647374.html (fecha de solicitud: 22.05.2019).
Bonn-Copenhagen Declarations 1955. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.ecmi.de/about/history/german-danish-border-region/bonn-copenhagen-declarations/(Date accessed:20.05.2019).
Actos normativos y legales de Italia
The Constitution of the Italian Republic 1948. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.senato.it/documenti/repository/istituzione/costituzione_inglese.pdf(Date accessed:11.01.2018).
Statuto Albertino. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.quirinale.it/allegati_statici/costituzione/Statutoalbertino.pdf (Date accessed: 08.11.2018).
Statuto speciale per la Valle d’Aosta, Legge costituzionale 26 febbraio 1948. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/export/sites/default/RAFVG/GEN/statuto/allegati/statutoGiugno2003.pdf (Date accessed: 18.05.2019).
Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige, Legge costituzionale 26 febbraio 1948. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.consiglio-bz.org/download/1.Statuto-di-Autonomia-1948.pdf (Date accessed: 18.05.2019).
Statuto Speciale della regione autonomia Friuli n Venezia Giulia, Legge costituzionale 31 gennaio 1963, n. 1 e successive modifiche ed integrazioni. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/export/sites/default/RAFVG/GEN/statuto/allegati/statutoGiugno2003.pdf (Date accessed: 18.05.2019).
State Treaty (with annexes and maps) for the re-establishment of an independent and democratic Austria, on 15 May 1955. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:https://www.dipublico.org/100823/state-treaty-with-annexes-and-maps-for-the-re-establish%C2%ADment-of-an-independent-and-democratic-austria-signed-at-vienna-on-15-may-1955/ (Date accessed: 20.05.2019).
Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997 «Promozione e valorizzazione della cultura e della lingua della Sardegna». [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026(Date accessed:13.10.2018).
Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 «Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche» pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre,1999. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm(Date accessed:13.10.2018).
Quarta Opinione sull’Italia Adottata il 19 novembre 2015. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.libertaciviliimmigrazione.dlci.interno.gov.it/sites/default/files/allegati/iv_opinione_sullitalia.pdf(Date accessed:30.11.2018).
Actos normativos y legales de Alemania
The Unification Treaty between the FRG and the GDR (Berlin, 31 August 1990. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_unification_treaty_between_the_frg_and_the_gdr_berlin_31_august_1990-en- 2c391661-db4e-42e5-84f7-bd86108c0b9c.html (Date accessed: 01.06.2019).
Constitución del Reich Alemán de 1919. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http:// www.documentarchiv.de/wr/wrv.html#ERsTER_AbsCHNITT02. (Date accessed: 06.12.2018).
Burgenländisches Landesschulgesetzes 1937 über die Regelung desVolksschulwesens im Burgenland [Regional School Act of Burgenland 1937 on the Regulation of the Primary School System inBurgenland]. LGB1. Nr. 40/1937.
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 1949. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf (Date accessed:07.05.2019).
The Federal Law for minority schooling from 1959 (BGBl. 101/1959). [Electronic resource]. Access mode:https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1959_101_0/1959_101_0.pdf (Date accessed:20.05.2019).
Bundesgesetz über die Rechtsstellung der Volksgruppen in Österreich(BGBl. № 396/1976[Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblPdf/1976_396_0/1976_396_0.pdf (Date accessed: 21.05.2019).
Gesetz über die Ausgestaltung der Rechte der Sorben/Wenden im Land Brandenburg (Sorben/Wenden-Gesetz - SWG). [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://bravors.brandenburg.de/gesetze/swg (Date accessed: 01.06.2019).
Actos normativos y legales del Reino Unido
First Report on the Select Committee on Emigration in Scotland. The House of Commons.1841. -P.19.
The Act of Union 1536. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/tudors_04.shtml (date accessed: 16.11.2018).
Education Act 1918. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/8-9/39 (Date accessed: 21.05.2019).
Welsh Courts Act, (1942). [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/5- 6/40/enacted (Date accessed: 09.04.2019).
Welsh Language Act, 1967. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga /1967/66/enacted (Date accessed: 06.04.2019).
Education (Scotland) Act 1980. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1980/44/contents (Welsh Language Support Service for School. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http:// www.wales.gov.uk/statistics-and-research/re(Date accessed: 21.05.2019).
Broadcasting Act. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ ukpga/1981/68/contents (Date accessed: 09.04.2019).
The Grants for Gaelic Language Education (Scotland) Regulations 1986. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1986/410/contents/made (Date accessed: 21.05.2019).
Education Reform Act 1988. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/40/part/II/chapter/I (Date accessed: 21.05.2019).
Welsh Language Act, 1993. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1993/38/contents (Date accessed: 09.04.2019).
Government of Wales Act. (1998). [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/38/contents (Date accessed:09.04.2019).
United Kingdom public sector information website / / URL: http:// www.gov.uk (accessed 22.04.2019).
Actos normativos y legales de Polonia
Konstitutsionnaya Hartiya Tsarstva Polskogo 1815 goda. [Elektronnyiy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.pereplet.ru/history/Russia/Imperia/Alexandr_I/kx1815.html(data obrascheniya: 08.02.2019).
Constitution of the Republic of Poland, March 17 of 1921. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://libr.sejm.gov.pl/tek01/txt/kpol/e1921.html (Date accessed: 08.11.2018).
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland 1952. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://libr.sejm.gov.pl/tek01/txt/kpol/e1952a-r7.html (Date accessed:20.05.2019).
The Act of 7 September 1991 on the system of education. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/legislation-50_en (Date accessed: 13.01.2019).
Broadcasting Act of 29 December 1992, Poland. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.krrit.gov.pl/Data/Files/_public/Portals/0/angielska/Documents/Regulations/broadcasting_act_28022013.pdf(Date accessed: 15.11.2018).
Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997. [Electronic resource]. Mode of access: http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/rosyjski/kon1.htm (date accessed: 13.01.2019).
Human Rights Committee’s Consideration of Reports submitted by States parties under Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Poland, CCPR/C/95/Add.8, 14 March 1997.
Act on the Polish language of 7 October 1999. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://ospcom.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/dr19.pdf(Date accessed:13.01.2019).
Normative-legal acts of Austria
The Austrian Constitution of 1867. Walter Farleigh Dodd, ed., Modern Constitutions: A Collection of the Fundamental Laws of Twenty-two of the Most Important Countries of the World, With Historical and Bibliographical Notes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1909.
The Constitution of the Republic of Austria 1920. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Austria_2013.pdf?lang=en (Date accessed:20.05.2019).
The Federal Constitutional law of Austria, 1920. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/Austria%20_FULL_%20Constitution.pdf (Date accessed: 03.05.2019).
Actos normativos y legales de Francia
The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotterêts.html (date accessed: 16.11.2018).
The Ordonnance de 1563, dite de Roussillon. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k858577n(date accessed: 10.02.2019).
Constitution of France, 1958. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/sites/default/files/as/root/bank_mm/anglais/constiution_anglais_oct2009.pdf(Date accessed:31.05.2019).
Loi № 51-46 du 11 janvier 1951 relative à l'enseignement des langues et des dialectes locaux. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/France-loi_Deixonne-texte-1951.htm(Date accessed:11.02.2019).
Loi du 2 août 1963 sur l'emploi des langues en matière administrative. // Moniteur belge du 22 août 1962.
Loi № 75-620 du 11 juillet 1975 relative à l’éducation «Loi Haby», version consolidée au 21 juin 2000. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.observatori-occitan.org/documents/1975_Loi_Haby.pdf (Date accessed:11.02.2019).
Loi № 94-665 du 4 août 1994 relative à l'emploi de la langue française. [Electronic resource]. Access mode:https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000349929&dateTexte=&categorieLien=id (Date accessed:31.05.2019).
Actos normativos y legales de Hungría
The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, Act XX of 1949. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/E.C.12.HUN.3-Annex2.pdf (Date accessed:07.05.2019).
Hungary: Act LXXVII of 1993 on the Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4c3476272.html (Date accessed: 30.05.2019).
Actos jurídicos normativos de Bélgica
Loi de 15 juin 1935 concernant l'emploi des langues en matière judiciaire [Act concerning the use of languages in judicial matters] of June 15,1935,«Moniteur Belge» [«M.B.»], 1935.06.22, [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/belgiqueetat-loi1935.htm(Date accessed:15.10.2018).
Law Governing the Use of Languages in Administrative Matters. Coordinated on July 18, 1966. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://www.uottawa.ca/clmc/kingdom-belgium-law-governing-use-languages-administrative-matters(Date accessed: 26.11.2018).
Jurisprudencia
Belgium Linguistics Case - «In the case “relating to certain aspects of the laws on the use of languages in education in Belgium» v Belgium (Application no 1474/62; 1677/62; 1691/62; 1769/63; 1994/63; 2126/64). [Electronic resource]. Access mode:http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Belgian%20linguistics%20case.pdf (Date accessed:26.11.2018).
Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of case «Relating to certain aspects of the laws on the use of languages in education in Belgium» v. Belgium (Merits). [Electronic resource]. Access mode; https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-223-Belgian-Linguistic-case-full-case.pdf(Date accessed:11.11.2018).
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2020-01-24
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Valiullina, I. F. (2020). ANÁLISIS JURÍDICO COMPARATIVO DE LA POLÍTICA DEL IDIOMA EN RELACIÓN CON LAS MINORÍAS NACIONALES (SIGLO XVI-XX) COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE POLICY IN RELATION TO NATIONAL MINORITIES (16TH-20TH CENTURIES). IUS ET SCIENTIA, 5(2), 145–189. Recuperado a partir de https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/ies/article/view/13343
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