Animal Names Used as Insults and Derogation in Polish and Spanish
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12795/PH.2006.v20.i02.01Abstract
RESUMEN
Este artículo versa sobre los nombres de animales usados metafóricamente para significar diversos aspectos en el dominio de lo humano (características físicas y mentales, partes del cuerpo, fluidos corporales, enfermedades y acciones humanas) y que pueden ser usados como formas de desprecio o insulto. Generalmente los nombres de los animales que se aplican a las personas son ofensivos. De hecho, solo hay unos pocos ejemplos de nombres de animales que no tienen matiz peyorativo. En este artículo se analiza el material léxico de corporal españoles y polacos. Puesto que la clase de los animales es muy extensa y diversa, la hemos dividido en varias subclases. En la primera incluimos los nombres de animales de acuerdo con los siguientes criterios: 1) referidos a características físicas del ser humano, 2) referidos a los órganos sexuales humanos y a la sexualidad humana, 3) referidos a los caracteres humanos, 4) referidos a grupos humanos, 5) para significar trabajos y ocupaciones, 6) para nombrar secreciones, enfermedades, heridas e intoxicaciones humanas. En segundo lugar estudiamos los nombres de las partes de los cuerpos de los animales, sus secreciones, conducta y sonidos, así como los nombres de las acciones típicamente animales. El último grupo analizado es el de los derivados (nombres, adjetivos y verbos) de los nombres de los animales aplicados al dominio humano.
ABSTRACT
This article deals with animal names which metaphorically signify various aspects of humans (physical and mental features, body parts, secretions, ill-states and actions), and can be used as derogation or insult. Generally animal names which are applied to a person are offensive. There are only few examples of animal names which do not have pejorative evaluation. In the article, lexical material from Polish and Spanish corpora is analyzed. Since the class of animal names is very extensive and diverse, it has been divided into several subclasses. The first one contains animals: 1) referring to physical features of a human being, 2) referring to the human pudenda and sexual activity, 3) naming feature of human character, 4) referring to a group of people, 5) signifying jobs and occupations, 6) naming human secretions, diseases, injuries, intoxications. Then names of animal body parts are described, secretions and animal states, behavior, sounds made by them and also names of actions performed on animals by a man. The last class analyzed in the present article, contains derivatives (nouns, adjectives and verbs) of animal names.
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