Scientific review for the design of a methodology to identify and avoid devising ageist advertising
Imagen de portada
PDF (Español (España))

Keywords

edadismo
estereotipos
mitos
multidisciplinar
infrarrepresentación ageism
stereotypes
myths
multi-disciplinary
under-representation

How to Cite

Morán Fuertes, A. (2024). Scientific review for the design of a methodology to identify and avoid devising ageist advertising. COMMUNICATION. International Journal of Audiovisual Communication, Advertising and Cultural Studies, 22(2), 10–30. https://doi.org/10.12795/Comunicacion.2024.v22.i02.02
Received 2024-07-15
Accepted 2024-11-25
Published 2024-12-20
Views
  • Abstract 1
  • PDF (Español (España)) 3

Abstract

This scientific article takes a multidisciplinary approach to the term ageism (the erroneous advertising representation of older people based on their age) by analysing literature and market research carried out by experts on the subject, in order to develop a multidisciplinary methodology to detect ageist advertisements and avoid devising advertisements based on age stereotypes. A very relevant contribution, given that current solutions lack a global theoretical approach. The main problems, found during the research, that encourage this type of advertising are the use of stereotypes and myths; the role of the elderly in advertising; their under-representation in relation to the population rate; different representations according to gender; products or services in which their presence is hidden; and not approaching it from a multidisciplinary perspective. The contribution drafts a multidisciplinary methodology that includes recommendations from sociology, psychology, myths, stereotypes, marketing and advertising in order to detect ageist advertisements and, also, in order not to create them.

https://doi.org/10.12795/Comunicacion.2024.v22.i02.02
PDF (Español (España))

References

Amossy, Ruth, y Herschberg, Arme (2010). Estereotipos y clichés. Buenos Aires : Eudeba.

Berenguel Fernández, José, Marí Sáez, Víctor Manuel, y Gallardo Hurtado, Javier (2020). Los seniors en la publicidad española: tensiones entre la investigación, planificación y la representación de los mayores en los anuncios. Interface (Botucatu), 24, 1-17 https://doi.org/10.1590/Interface.190431

Bernstein, Ruth Sessier, Bulger, Morgan, Salipante, Paul, y Weisinger, Judith (2020). From diversity to inclusion to equity: a theory of generative interactions. Journal of Business Ethics, 167(3), 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04180-1

Bristol, Terry (1996). “Persuading Senior Adults: The Influence of Endorser Age on Brand Attitudes” Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 18 (2), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.1996.10505052

Burnes, David, Sheppard, Christine, Henderson, Charles Jr, Wassel, Monica, Cope, Richenda, Barber, Chantal, y Pillemer, Karl (2019). Interventions to reduce ageism against older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 109(8), e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305123

Butler, Robert (1969). Age-ism: another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist 9 (4), 243–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.4_Part_1.243

Butler, Robert (1987). Task-involving and ego-involving properties of evaluation: Effects of different feedback conditions on motivational perceptions, interest, and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(4), 474-482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.79.4.474

Carrigan, Marylyn y Szmigin, Isabelle (2000). Advertising in an Ageing Society. Ageing and Society, 20 (2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X99007709

Castillo, José (2019). Aspectos psicológicos relacionados con los estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez en adultos mayores. Conference Paper.

Chevalier, Corinne, y Marie-Christine, Lichtle (2012). The Influence of the Perceived Age of the Model Shown in an Ad on the Effectiveness of Advertising. Recherche et Applications en Marketing, 27 (2), 3–19. https://doi:10.1177/ 205157071202700201

Chion, Michel (1999). The Voice in Cinema. Nueva York: NY Columbia University Press.

D'Epinay, Christian, Bickel, Jean-François, Cavalli, Stefano, y Spini, Dario (2011). El curso de la vida emergencia de un paradigma interdisciplinario, en Jose Alberto Yuni (ed). La vejez en el curso de la vida (pp.11-30). Madrid: Encuentro Grupo Editor

Dalmer, Nikole, Ellison, Kirsten, Katz, Stephen, y Marshall, Barbara (2022). Aging, embodiment and datafication: Dynamics of power in digital health and care technologies. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life. 15, 77–101. https://doi: 10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.3499

De Assis, Cristiano, Tanoue, Suzanne, Yokomizo, Patricia, y LOPES, Andrea (2023). Donde la casualidad no tiene lugar: mitos y estereotipos sobre la vejez y el envejecimiento. Traducción de Milton Rocha y Patrícia Yokomizo. São Paulo: Edições EACH. https://doi.org/10.11606/9786588503300

De Meulenaer, Sarah, Dens, Nathalie, De Pelsmacker, Patrick, y Eisend, Martin (2018). How consumers' values influence responses to male and female gender role stereotyping in advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 37, 893-913. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2017.1354657

Diputación Foral de Bizkaia Acción Social (2011). Las personas mayores y los medios de comunicación en Bizkaia. https://www.bizkaia.eus/home2/archivos/dpto3/temas/pdf/medios_web_ca.pdf?hash=94165b14c6e3a5278b392e2f087bfdd5

Dulcey Ruiz, Elisa (2013). Envejecimiento y vejez. Categorías y conceptos. Bogotá: Fundación Cepsiger para el Desarrollo Humano.

Eisend, Martin (2022): Older People in Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 51(3), 308-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2022.2027300

Eisend, Martin, Muldrow, Adrienne, y Rosengren , Sara (2023) Diversity and inclusion in advertising research, International Journal of Advertising, 42 (1), 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2022.2122252

Elsaesser, Thomas, y Hagener, Malte (2010). Film Theory: An Introduction Through the Senses. Nueva York, NY: Routledge.

Fernández-Ballesteros, Rocío (2006). Sesenta y más. Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide

Gennep, Arnold Van (2008). Los ritos de paso. Madrid: Alianza Editorial

González de Gago, Julieta (2010). Teorías del envejecimiento. Tribuna del Investigador, 11, 42-66.

Graham, Megan (2022). Ambient ageism: Exploring ageism in acoustic representations of older adults in AgeTech advertisements. Frontiers in Sociology, 7, 1-14, https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.1007836

Haller, Beth, Ralph, Sue (2001). Profitability, Diversity, and Disability Images in Advertising in the United States and Great Britain. Disability Studies Quarterly, 21, 1-16 https://doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v21i2.276

Herget, Ann, y Bötzl, Franziska (2021). Sounds like respect. The impact of background music on the acceptance of gay men in audio-visual advertising. Frontiers in Psychology. 12, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645533

Hopkins, Christopher, Roster, Catherine, Wood, Charles (2006). Making the transition to retirement: appraisals, post-transition lifestyle, and changes in consumption patterns. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 23,87-99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363760610655023

Iniston. YouTube (1996). Iniston. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdJ31S-Z5bY

Iniston. YouTube (2014). Iniston expectorante y descongestivo - Doble acción.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-PsCEJGWD

Jecker, Nancy (2020). Ending Midlife Bias: New Values for Old Age. Oxford: University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949075.001.0001

Kohlbacher, Florian, Michael Prieler, y Shigeru, Hagiwara (2011). The Use of Older Models in Japanese TV Advertising: Practitioner Perspective vs. Consumer Opinions. Keio Communication Review. 33,25–42.

Kohlbacher, Florian, Michael Prieler, y Shigeru, Hagiwara (2014). Japan’s Demographic Revolution? A Study of Advertising Practitioners’ Views on Stereotypes. Asia Pacific Business Review. 20, 249–68. https://doi:10.1080/ 13602381.2013.841451

Kwon, Mina, Geetanjali, Saluja, y Rashmi, Adaval (2015). Who Said What: The Effects of Cultural Mindsets on Perceptions of Endorser-Message Relatedness. Journal of Consumer Psychology. 25 (3), 389–403. https://doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.01.011

L´Oreal París. YouTube (2024). ¿Manchas oscuras de la edad? Descubre el nuevo Serum Corrector Age Perfect. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ouEhAfVFzM

León-Rubio, Jose, Jiménez, Silverio y Delgado, Tomás. (1998). Estereotipos, prejuicios y discriminación en Psicología social: orientaciones teóricas y ejercicios prácticos 133 – 141.

Levy, Becca, y Banaji, Mahzarin (2002). Implicit ageism. en Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 49–75).

Lozano Poveda, Diana (2011). Concepción de vejez: entre la biología y la cultura. Investigación en Enfermería: Imagen y Desarrollo, 13(2), 89-100.

Martinson, Marty y Berridge, Clara. Successful aging and its discontents: a systematic review of the social gerontology literatura (2014). Gerontologist. 55(1), 58-69

Merton, Robert (2003). Teoría y estructuras sociales. Méjico: Fondo de Cultura Economica de España.

Millán, José Carlos, Aguilar, Luz, Pernas, María Pilar, Rodríguez, María José, Orive, Patricia y García, Javier (2003). Los mayores y las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación. Revista Multidisciplinar de Gerontología, 13, 1, 37-42

Milliman, Ronald, y Erffmeyer, Robert (1989). Improving Advertising Aimed at Seniors. Journal of Advertising Research, 29, 31–6

Montesinos, Andrea (2016). Los estereotipos: definición y funciones. Revista Automne,10

Mora, Martín (2002). La teoría de las representaciones sociales de Serge Moscovici. Thenea igital. revista e pensamiento investigación social, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v1n2.55

Moreno, Carolina (2006). Ingredientes mágicos y test clínicos en los anuncios como estrategias publicitarias. Comunicar. (27),123-128

Nelson, Susan Logan, y Ruth Belk Smith (1988). The Influence of Model Age or Older Consumers’ Reactions

Officer, Alana y De la Fuente-Núñez, Vânia (‎2018)‎. A global campaign to combat ageism. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96 (‎4)‎, 295-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.202424

Palmore, Erdman (1990). Ageism: Negative and positive. Nueva York: Springer Publishing Company.

Peninou, Georges (1986). La comunicación publicitaria. Telos: Cuadernos de comunicación e innovación (100-107). Madrid: Fundación Telefónica

Pochintesta, Paula y Mansinho, Mariana (2012). Representaciones de la vejez en la publicidad gráfica: un análisis de género. IV Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XIX Jornadas de Investigación VIII Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR en la Facultad de Psicología-Universidad de Buenos Aires. 235-238

Pochintesta, Paula y Mansinho, Mariana (2014). Modelos de envejecimiento en la publicidad gráfica: un análisis de género. Commons. Revista de comunicación y ciudadanía digital, 3(1), 94-117.

Rabasco, Francisco y Correa, Juan (2006). Telefonía móvil y personas mayores: la accesibilidad como derecho. RELATEC: Revista Latinoamericana de Tecnología Educativa, 5 (2), 385-395

Ramos, Bianca, Soares de Araujo, Inesita, Do Couto, Silvana (2011). Food advertising: advice or merely stimulation of consumption? Cience Saude Colet. 16(9), 3873-3882.

Ramos Esquivel, Júpiter, Meza Calleja, Adriana, Maldonado Hernández, Iraam, Ortega Medellín, Martha, y Hernández Paz, Teresita (2009). Aportes para una conceptualización de la vejez. Revista de Educación y Desarrollo, 47-56.

Ramos Irene, Papí Natalia (2012). Personas mayores y publicidad: representaciones de género en televisión. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, (18), 753-62. https://dx.doi. org/10.5209/rev_esmp.2013.v19.4217

Rey, Juan (1994). El hombre fingido: la representación de la masculinidad en el discurso publicitario, 4, 143 – 145.

Rogers, Everett (2003). Diffusion of Innovations. Nueva York: Free Press.

Romay, Emma y Mirón, Silvia (2015). Representación de la vejez en publicidad: presencia de estereotipos, prescriptores y consumidores. Opción: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, 31(2), 1083-1104.

Rosales, Andrea, y Fernández-Ardèvol, Mireia (2020). Ageism in the era of digital platforms. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 26(5-6), 1074-1087. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856520930905

Rotfeld, Herbert, Leonard, Reid, y Gary Wilcox (1982). Effect of Age of Models in Print Ads on Evaluation of Product and Sponsor. Journalism Quarterly 59 (3), 374–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769908205900303

Rozanova, Julia (2010). Discourse of successful aging in The Globe & Mail: insights from critical gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies 24(4),213-222 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2010.05.001

Salvarezza, Leopoldo (1998). Una mirada gerontológica actual. Buenos Aires: Paidós.

Santamaría, Isabel (2011). El discurso (pseudo) científico en el lenguaje publicitario español. Revista Español Actual.(1), 85-112

Simcock, Peter, y Lynn, Sudbury Dr. (2006). The invisible majority Older models in UK television advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 25(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2006.11072953

Tan, Siu-Lan, Spackman, Matthew, y Bezdek, Matthew (2007). Viewers’ interpretations of film characters’ emotions: effects of presenting film music before or after a character is shown. Music Perception. 25, 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2007.25 2.135

Toledo, Ángel (2010). Viejismo (Ageism). Percepciones de la población acerca de la tercera edad: estereotipos, actitudes e implicaciones sociales. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Social “Poiésis”(19), 1-10.

Uceda, Mariola (2005). Las claves de la publicidad. Madrid: ESIC.

Wang, Tsai-Ciao, Tang, Ta-Wei, y Tsai, Chia-Liang (2022). Visual Attention, Behavioral Intention, and Choice Behavior Among Older Consumers Toward Sports Marketing Images: An Eye-Tracking Study. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855089

Wannatrong, Napaphat, Yoannok, Sujitra, y Srisuk, Kulgania (2018). The Development of Online Community Model to Promote the Life Quality Level of the Elderly in Urban Society. 16th International Conference on ICT and Knowledge Engineering (ICT&KE),1-6, https://doi.org/ 10.1109/ICTKE.2018.8612369.

Wolf, Angelika, y Sebastian, Seebauer (2014). Technology Adoption of Electric Bicycles: A Survey among Early Adopters. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 69 (11),196–211. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.tra.2014. 08.007

Ylänne, Virpi (2015). Representations of ageing in the media, en eds Julia Twigg, Wendy Martin Routledge Handbook of Cultural Gerontology (369–375). New York: NY Routledge

Zetina, María Guadalupe (1999). Conceptualización del proceso de envejecimiento. Papeles De Poblacion, 5, 23-41.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2024 Asier Morán Fuertes

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...