The management of science, technology and innovation in public research organizations (PROS) in Spain
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12795/IESTSCIENTIA.2023.i01.07Keywords:
Science, Research, Financing, Management, ProjectsAbstract
In recent years, the advancement of investment in R+D+i has grown exponentially. After the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, investment in R&D in Spain has reached 17,249 million euros in 2021, 1.43% of GDP. Due to this increase, an effective way to manage resources in science and technology is necessary. The financing granted by the European Union with the Next Generation EU funds and specifically from the Mechanism for Recovery and Resilience (MRR) have further strengthened this financial allocation for research in Public Research Organizations.
After the recent reform of the Science Law in September 2022, a path is set in motion so that in 2030 the financing of public agents of the Spanish System of Science, Technology and Innovation achieves 1.25% of GDP, of in accordance with Recommendation (EU) 2021/2122 of the Council of November 26, 2021 on a Research and Innovation Pact in Europe, of November 26, 2021.
Downloads
References
BAC. (2018). Consultation Paper on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues Arising from Mitochondrial Genome Replacement Technology (p. 49). Bioethics Advisory Committe. https://www.bioethics-singapore.org/publications/press-releases/bac-mgrt-press-release
Border, P., & Barber, S. (2015). Mitochondrial donation. Standard Note: SN/ SC/6833. (London: House of Commons Library). United Kingdom Parliament. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn06833/
Bredenoord, A. L., & Appleby, J. B. (2017). Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques: Remaining Ethical Challenges. Cell Stem Cell, 21(3), 301-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.009
Cohen, G. (2018). Circumvention Medical Tourism and Cutting Edge Medicine: The Case of Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 25(1), 439-462. https://doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.25.1.0439
Cohen, I. G., Adashi, E. Y., Gerke, S., Palacios-González, C., & Ravitsky, V. (2020). The Regulation of Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques Around the World. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 21(1), 565-586. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-111119-101815
Craven, L., Murphy, J. L., & Turnbull, D. M. (2020). Mitochondrial donation—Hope for families with mitochondrial DNA disease. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 4(2), 151-154. https://doi.org/10.1042/ETLS20190196
Cristina, M. (2022). ¿Alquiler o sustitución del embarazo? Sobre la importancia de los significantes en la construcción de sentido. Revista de Bioética y Derecho, 54, 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1344/rbd2021.54.34891
Davis, R. L., Liang, C., & Sue, C. M. (2018). Mitochondrial diseases. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 147, 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63233-3.00010-5
De Miguel Beriain, I., Atienza Macías, E., & Armaza Armaza, E. J. (2016). Algunas consideraciones sobre la transferencia mitocondrial: ¿un nuevo problema para la bioética? Acta bioethica, 22(2), 203-211. https://doi.org/10.4067/S1726-569X2016000200007
Dziadek, M. A., & Sue, C. M. (2022). Mitochondrial donation: Is Australia ready? Medical Journal of Australia, 216(3), 118-121. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51309
Farnezi, H. C. M., Goulart, A. C. X., Santos, A. D., Ramos, M. G., & Penna, M. L. F. (2020). Three-parent babies: Mitochondrial replacement therapies. JBRA Assisted Reproduction, 24(2), 189-196. https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20190086
Grady, J. P., Pickett, S. J., Ng, Y. S., Alston, C. L., Blakely, E. L., Hardy, S. A., Feeney, C. L., Bright, A. A., Schaefer, A. M., Gorman, G. S., McNally, R. J., Taylor, R. W., Turnbull, D. M., & McFarland, R. (2018). MtDNA heteroplasmy level and copy number indicate disease burden in m.3243A>G mitochondrial disease. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 10(6), e8262. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201708262
Kirillova, A., & Mazunin, I. (2022). Operation «mitochondrial wipeout»—Clearing recipient mitochondria DNA during the cytoplasmic replacement therapy. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 39(10), 2205-2207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-022-02561-6
Newson, A. J., de Lacey, S., Dowling, D. K., Murray, S., Sue, C. M., Thorburn, D. R., Gillam, L., & Degeling, C. (2019). Public attitudes towards novel reproductive technologies: A citizens’ jury on mitochondrial donation. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 34(4), 751-757. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez021
Noohi, F., Ravitsky, V., Knoppers, B. M., & Joly, Y. (2022). Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy: In Whose Interests? The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 50(3), 597-602. https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.98
Palacios-González, C., & Medina-Arellano, M. de J. (2017). Mitochondrial replacement techniques and Mexico’s rule of law: On the legality of the first maternal spindle transfer case. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 4(1), 50-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsw065
Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., & Chinnery, P. F. (2012). Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004426.pub3
Richardson, J., Irving, L., Hyslop, L. A., Choudhary, M., Murdoch, A., Turnbull, D. M., & Herbert, M. (2015). Concise reviews: Assisted reproductive technologies to prevent transmission of mitochondrial DNA disease. Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio), 33(3), 639-645. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.1887
Schaefer, & Labude, M. K. (2017). Genetic affinity and the right to «three-parent IVF». Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 34(12), 1577-1580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-017-1046-8
Sheldon, K. (2015). Crossing the Germline Barrier: The Three Genome Baby. Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine: An International Journal, 6(3-4), 237-261. https://doi.org/10.1615/EthicsBiologyEngMed.2016016331
Tachibana, M., Amato, P., Sparman, M., Woodward, J., Sanchis, D. M., Ma, H., Gutierrez, N. M., Tippner-Hedges, R., Kang, E., Lee, H.-S., Ramsey, C., Masterson, K., Battaglia, D., Lee, D., Wu, D., Jensen, J., Patton, P., Gokhale, S., Stouffer, R., & Mitalipov, S. (2013). Towards germline gene therapy of inherited mitochondrial diseases. Nature, 493(7434), 627-631. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11647
Wei, W., & Chinnery, P. F. (2020). Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in humans: Implications for rare and common diseases. Journal of Internal Medicine, 287(6), 634-644. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13047
Yamada, M., Akashi, K., Ooka, R., Miyado, K., & Akutsu, H. (2020). Mitochondrial Genetic Drift after Nuclear Transfer in Oocytes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(16), 5880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165880
Zhang, J., Liu, H., Luo, S., Lu, Z., Chávez-Badiola, A., Liu, Z., Yang, M., Merhi, Z., Silber, S. J., Munné, S., Konstantinidis, M., Wells, D., Tang, J. J., & Huang, T. (2017). Live birth derived from oocyte spindle transfer to prevent mitochondrial disease. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 34(4), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.01.013
Zinkant, K. (2016). Da traut sich niemand ran. Süddeutsche.de. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/bioethik-da-traut-sich-niemand-ran-1.2850609
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Iván Hernández Blanco
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Those authors being published in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain their copyright and they will guarantee to the journal the right of first publication of their work, which will be simultaneously subject to license recognition by Creative Commons that allows others to share such work provided it is stated the author’s name and his first publishing in IUS ET SCIENTIA.
- Authors may take other non-exclusive distribution license agreements version of the published work (e.g. deposit in an institutional digital file or publish it in a monographic volume) provided it is stated the initial publication in this journal.
- It is allowed and encouraged that Author s disseminate their work via the Internet (e. g. institutional digital files or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, which can lead to interesting exchanges and to increase citation of the published work.
- Abstract 195
- PDF (Español (España)) 356
- HTML (Español (España)) 166