China’s economic challenge to Europe : Europa y el desafío económico de China

Robert Wihtol

doi:10.12795.araucaria.2023.i53.02

Autori

Robert Wihtol Asian Institute of Management

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12795.araucaria.2023.i53.02

Parole chiave:

Belt and Road Initiative, China, divide-and-rule tactics, European Union, international economic architecture, technology competition.

Abstract

China is Europe’s greatest economic challenge. China’s quest for geopolitical, economic and technological dominance is severely straining its relations with Europe, which are on a steep downward trajectory. Positions on both sides have hardened, with China turning economically inward and the European Union labelling China an all-out competitor with limited areas for engagement. China’s approach is long-term and strategic, exploiting the EU’s internal divisions and weak transatlantic cooperation with the United States. China would like access to advanced technologies with potential military applications, and has acquired European ports and other strategic infrastructure. Through the Belt and Road Initiative it has become the world’s largest bilateral financier. Ultimately, China seeks to revise the international economic architecture and “rewrite the rules of the game”. Europe’s response has been poorly coordinated, short-term and piecemeal, reflecting the Union’s internal divisions. To respond effectively to China’s challenge, Europe needs to overcome national interests, cooperate with its allies and become more strategic.

Downloads

I dati di download non sono ancora disponibili.

Metriche

Caricamento metriche ...

Riferimenti bibliografici

Allard, Patrick and Frederic Grare, “European trade and strategy in the Indo-Pacific: Why the EU should join the CPTPP”, European Council of Foreign Relations, 1 December 2021. Retrieved from https://ecfr.eu/article/european-trade-and-strategy-in-the-indo-pacific-why-the-eu-should-join-the-cptpp/

Bond, Ian, Francois Godement, Hanns W. Maull and Volker Stanzel, Rebooting Europe’s China Strategy. German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Berlin, May 2022. Retrieved from https://www.institutmontaigne.org/ressources/pdfs/publications/note-rebooting-europes-china-strategy.pdf

Brands, Hal and Michael Beckley, Danger Zone: The Coming Conflict with China. W.W. Norton and Company, 2022.

Cha, Victor, “How to Stop Chinese Coercion. The Case for Collective Resilience”, Foreign Affairs, January-February 2023. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/how-stop-china-coercion-collective-resilience-victor-cha?utm_medium=newsletters&utm_source=twofa&utm_campaign=How%20to%20Stop%20Chinese%20Coercion&utm_content=20221216&utm_term=FA%20This%20Week%20-%20112017

Chang Che, “How a Book About America’s History Foretold China’s Future”, The New Yorker, 21 March 2022. Retrieved from https://www-newyorker-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.newyorker.com/books/second-read/how-a-book-about-americas-history-foretold-chinas-future/amp

Chazan, Guy, “Germany blocks another Chinese acquisition of a chip company”. Financial Times, 9 November 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/5af0d9ea-771a-4de0-a1b0-957bdc9fd672?desktop=true&segmentId=7c8f09b9-9b61-4fbb-9430-9208a9e233c8#myft:notification:daily-email:content

Deng Xiaoping, “Emancipate the Mind, Seek the Truth from Facts and Unite as One in Looking to the Future.” Speech at the closing session of the Central Working Conference, which made preparation for the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,13 December 1978.

Economy, Elizabeth, The World According to China, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2022.

European Commission, Joint Communication of the European Commission and the High Representative to the European Council: EU-China Strategic Outlook, March 2019. Retrieved from https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2019-03/communication-eu-china-a-strategic-outlook.pdf

European Commission, “Global Gateway: up to €300 billion for the European Union’s strategy to boost sustainable links with the world”, 1 December 2021. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_21_6433

European Union Chamber of Commerce in China, European Business in China. Position Paper 2021/2022, Beijing 2021. Retrieved from https://europeanchamber.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/upload/documents/documents/European_Business_in_China_Position_Paper_2021_2022%5B964%5D.pdf

Eurostat, China-EU International trade in goods statistics, Data extracted February 2022. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=China-EU_-_international_trade_in_goods_statistics

Financial Times Editorial Board, “Chinese takeovers become a geopolitical fault line”, Financial Times, 27 November 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/4fa189de-b255-4ee4-99dd-a93c611a1cd4?desktop=true&segmentId=7c8f09b9-9b61-4fbb-9430-9208a9e233c8#myft:notification:daily-email:content

Foy, Henry, “EU ministers advised to take tougher line on China”, Financial Times, 17 October 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/b83615cb-6db0-4e67-85a3-7aab131abeb5

Fung, Courtney J. and Shing-Hon Lam, “China already leads 4 of 15 U.N. specialized agencies — and is aiming for a 5th”, The Washington Post, 3 March 2020. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/03/china-already-leads-4-15-un-specialized-agencies-is-aiming-5th/

Hadano, Tsukasa and Yasuo Takeuchi, “China tries to keep Europe in play as US seeks united front”, Nikkei Asia, 2 December 2022. Retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/China-tries-to-keep-Europe-in-play-as-U.S.-seeks-united-front

Hillman, Jonathan E., The Emperor’s New Road. China and the Project of the Century, New Haven and London, Yale, 2020.

Hilpert, Hanns Gunther, The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement and Europe: Impact and implications, ERIA Discussion paper series, No. 441. Retrieved from https://www.eria.org/publications/the-regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership-agreement-and-europe-impact-and-implications/

Hopkins, Valerie, “Montenegro calls for EU help over $1bn China highway loan”, Financial Times, 11 April 2021. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/3dd7a516-5352-4f48-bfac-236e43b2342d

Horton, Chris, “Cosco: China’s shipping giant expands its global influence”, Financial Times, 25 May 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/13e606df-9b43-4c9c-9e23-24883d0988f9

Hunter, Fergus, “Olaf Scholz is Undermining Western Unity on China”, Foreign Policy, 23 November 2022. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/11/23/germany-china-eu-scholz-xi-meeting-economy-trade-g-20/

Johnson, Ian, “Has China Lost Europe”, Foreign Affairs, 10 June 2022. Retrieved from https://reader.foreignaffairs.com/2022/06/10/has-china-lost-europe/content.html

Kameda, Masaaki, “Abe announces $110 billion in aid for ‘high-quality’ infrastructure in Asia”, The Japan Times, 22 May 2015. Retrieved from https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/05/22/business/abe-announces-110-billion-in-aid-for-high-quality-infrastructure-in-asia/

Lau, Stuart, “EIB chief lashes out at German naïvete on Chinese buyouts”, Politico, 9 November 2022. Retrieved from https://www-politico-eu.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.politico.eu/article/eib-chief-werner-hoyer-germany-naivete-china-buyouts/amp/

Lau, Stuart, “As Xi reemerges, Europe again falls prey to China’s divide-and-rule tactics”, Politico, 16 November 2022. Retrieved from https://www-politico-eu.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.politico.eu/article/as-xi-reemerges-europe-again-falls-prey-to-chinas-divide-and-rule-tactics/amp/

Martin, Peter, China’s Civilian Army. The Making of Wolf Warrior Diplomacy, New York, Oxford University Press, 2021.

Miller, Chris, Chip War. The fight for the world’s most critical technology, New York, Scribner, 2022.

Milliken, David, “Prime minister Sunak says UK’s ‘golden era’ with China is over”, Reuters, 29 November 2022. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/uk-prime-minister-sunak-vows-maintain-military-aid-ukraine-2022-11-27/

Posaner, Joshua, Leonie Kijewski and Wilhelmine Preussen, “Olof Scholz backs China, ignores government warnings on Hamburg port deal, report says”, Politico, 20 October 2022. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/olaf-scholz-ignores-government-over-china-port-deal-cosco-shipping/?authId=1*70hev5*_a*X1BFdUZzMVFRWF9nNHg1SlpiY29wQmRMTUVzZEVteFI1ajVMb1JNVkNPMzBlSFBvWC1JdEthQk1PX2xwZ2dwaw

Small, Andrew, “Why Europe is getting tough on China”, Foreign Affairs, 3 April 2019. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-04-03/why-europe-getting-tough-china

Sun Tzu, The Art of War. Originally published in Chinese approximately five centuries B.C.

Tobita, Rintaro, “US calls out Japan and Netherlands on China chip curbs”, Nikkei Asia, 6 November 2022. Retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Electronics/U.S.-calls-out-Japan-and-Netherlands-over-China-chip-curbs?utm_campaign=GL_asia_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_source=NA_newsletter&utm_content=article_link

Wang Huning, America Against America, 1991, unofficial translation.

Wheatley, James and Joseph Cottrill, “African debt to China: A major drain on the poorest countries”, Financial Times, 26 October 2020. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/bd73a115-1988-43aa-8b2b-40a449da1235?segmentId=3f81fe28-ba5d-8a93-616e-4859191fabd8

Wihtol, Robert, Beijing Challenges the Global Financial Architecture, Georgetown Journal of Asian Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 1, (Spring/Summer 2015). Retrieved from https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/761162/GJAA%202.1%20Wihtol%2C%20Robert.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Xi Jinping, “Promote Friendship Between Our People and Work Together to Build a Brighter Future.” Speech at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan, 7 September 2013. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cebel/eng/zxxx/t1078088.htm

Xi Jinping, “Jointly Shoulder Responsibility of Our Times, Promote Global Growth”, Keynote speech at the opening session of the World Economic Forum annual meeting 2017, January, Davos. Retrieved from https://america.cgtn.com/2017/01/17/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-at-the-world-economic-forum

Yao, Kevin, “What we know about China’s ‘dual circulation’ economic strategy”. Reuters, 16 September 2020. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-transformation-explainer-idUSKBN2600B5

Yu, George T., “Working on the Railroad. China and the Tanzania-Zambia Railway”, Asian Survey, Vol. 11, No. 11, 1971, pp. 1101-1117.